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Copy 2 Topical Studies and References 


on 


the 


Economic History of American 
Agriculture 


By 


LOUIS BERNARD SCHMIDT 

Professor of History in the Iowa State College of 
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 


REVI5ED EDITION 


McKinley publishing company 

PHILADELPHIA 

1923 




























Topical Studies and References 

on the 

Economic History of American 
Agriculture 



LOUIS BERNARD SCHMIDT 

w 


Professor of History in the Iowa State College of 
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts 


J v 

REVISED EDITION 


n 


McKinley publishing company 

PHILADELPHIA 

1923 



s 






Copyright, 1923 
McKinley' Publishing 


Co. 


J 



OCT 18 *23 J 


C1A759457 



/Vie 'V 


PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION 


The following topical studies and references have 
been prepared in connection with a course of lectures 
on the economic history of American agriculture 
which I have been giving at the Iowa State College 
of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts during the past 
six years. They are now presented in published form 
with the hope that they may serve to encourage the 
further establishment of similar courses of instruc¬ 
tion in other institutions of learning and thereby 
stimulate a more active interest in a most important, 
though hitherto neglected, phase of our national 
development. 

L. B. Schmidt. 

Ames, Iowa. 

July 15, 1919. 


PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION 

This book has been thoroughly revised and brought 
to date. Many references to articles, books, and 
original sources, not included in the first edition, have 
been added. The number of topics has been increased 
from thirty-eight to forty-eight. Part III: The 
Agrarian Revolution and the Opening of the Far 
West, 1860-1914, has been partially reconstructed. 
Part IV: The Reorganization of American Agri¬ 
culture, 1914-1923, has been entirely recast. Criti¬ 
cisms and suggestions for the improvement of this 
book as a guide to the study of our agricultural 
history will be welcomed. 

L. B. Schmidt. 

Ames, Iowa. 

July 25, 1928. 


3 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Page 

The Economic History of American Agriculture. 8 

Section Introduction. 

I. The Study of History. 27 

II. The History of American Agriculture... 30 

PART I. 

The Foundations of American Agriculture, 

1492-1763. 

III. The Frontier in American History. 33 

IV. Geographic Influences in American History 34 

V. Indian Agriculture in America. 36 

VI. Land Systems of the American Colonies, 

1607-1763 . 38 

VII. Agriculture in the American Colonies, 

1607-1763 . 39 

VIII. Trade and Commerce of the American 

Colonies, 1607-1763 . 42 

PART II. 

The Westward Moveaient of the Pioneer and Planter 
into the Mississippi Valley, 

1763-1860. 

IX. Population and Agriculture, 1763-1815... 45 

X. The Public Lands, 1763-1820. 47 

XI. Beginnings of Internal Trade and Trans¬ 
portation, 1763-1815 . 49 

XII. Foreign Commerce and Shipping, 1783- 

1815 50 

XIII. The Westward Movement of Population, 

1815-1860 . 51 

XIV. The Public Lands, 1820-1862. 54 

XV. Agriculture in the Northern States: Pio¬ 
neer Farming, 1815-1860. 57 

XVI. Agriculture in the Southern States: Cotton 

and Slavery, 1815-1860. 60 

XVII. Development of Internal Trade and Trans¬ 
portation, 1815-1860 63 

XVIII. Agriculture in Relation to Currency and 

Banking, 1816-1860 . 66 

5 


















Section 

XIX. 

XX. 

XXI. 


Page 

Foreign Commerce and Shipping, 1815-1860 67 

Agriculture in Relation to the Tariff, 1816- 


1860 . 69 

Pioneer Life and Ideals, 1830-1860. 70 


PART III. 

The Agrarian Revolution and the Opening of 

the Far West, 

1860-1914. 

XXII. The Economic Revolution, 1860-1914. 75 

XXIII. The Westward Movement of Population 

and Immigration, 1860-1914. 77 

XXIV. The Disposal and Settlement of Public 

Lands, 1862-1914 . 79 

XXV. Agricultural Implements and Machinery, 

1860-1914 .*. 81 

XXVI. The Grain Growing and Flour Milling 

Industries, 1860-1914 . 82 

XXVII. Livestock and Animal Products, 1860- 

1914 . 84 

XXVIII. The Cotton Industry, 1860-1914. 85 

XXLX. Miscellaneous Agricultural Industries, 

1860-1914 . 86 

XXX. The Range and Ranch Cattle Industry, 

1860-1914 . 87 

XXXI. Agriculture in the North Atlantic States, 

1860-1914 . 89 

XXXII. Agriculture in the North Central States, 

1860-1914 . 90 

XXXIII. Agriculture in the South Atlantic States, 

1860-1914 . 93 

XXXIV. Agriculture in the South Central States, 

1860-1914 .... 94 

XXXV. Agriculture in the Western States and 

Territories, 1860-1914 . 96 

XXXVI. Growth of Internal Trade and Transpor¬ 
tation: Domestic Markets, 1860-1914... 98 

XXXVII. Expansion of Agricultural Exports and 

Foreign Markets, 1860-1914. 100 

XXXVIII. The Rise and Growth of Farmers’ Or¬ 
ganizations, 1860-1914 . 102 

6 




















Section , Page 

XXXIX. The Farmer in Relation to Politics and 

Legislation, 1860-1914 . 104 

XL. The Relation of the State to Agriculture, 

1860-1914 . 106 

PART IV. 

The Reorganization of American Agriculture, 

1914-1923. 

XLI. Changes in Agricultural Production, 1914- 

1923 . 109 

XLII. Marketing Agencies and Organizations, 

1914-1923 . Ill 

XLIII. Changes in the Domestic and Foreign De¬ 
mand for Agricultural Products, 1914- 
1923 . 113 

XLIV. The Transportation Problem, 1914-1923.. 115 

XLV. Money, Credit, and Prices, 1914-1923.... 118 

XLVI. Land Problems, 1914-1923. 121 

XLVII. The Farmers’ Movement, 1914-1923. 123 

XLVIII. Agriculture and Modern Industry, 1914- 

1923 . 124 













THE ECONOMIC HISTORY OF AMERICAN 

AGRICULTURE 1 


The New History. 

History, like all other studies, has repeatedly under¬ 
gone significant changes in point of view and in 
methods of interpretation. Formerly, it was regarded 
as a narrative of past events, and its chief purpose 
was to interest and amuse the reader, rather than to 
contribute to a well considered body of scientific 
knowledge. This conception of history, however, has 
been greatly changed during the past fifty years by 
the introduction of the scientific method in historical 
investigation. The main objective of this method is 
the critical study of the past life of humanity, not 
only for its own sake, but also for the sake of enabling 
us to understand better the present life of the times 
of which we ourselves are a part. It has led students 
to search beneath the surface of passing events and 
to study the institutional life of society; in other 
words, the common everyday life of humanity. It 
has brought about a reconstruction of the whole field 
of history with the result that all phases of human 
progress are being studied, and presented in a new 
light. It conceives of history as a social science 
whose concern is the scientific study of the past life 
of human society in its economic, social, religious, 
political, military, aesthetic, and intellectual phases. 
Importance of Economic Forces in the Study of 

American History. 

The application of the scientific method to the 
study of American history has brought out more 

1 This is an adaptation of the author’s articles on “The 
Economic History of American Agriculture as a Field for 
Study,” The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. Ill, 
No. 1, June, 191fi, pp. 39-49, and “An Unworked Field of 
Mississippi Valley History,” The Iowa Journal of History 
and Politics, Vol. XXI, No. 1, January, 1923, pp. 94-111. 

9 




clearly the significance of the economic forces under¬ 
lying our national development. It has been only a 
few years since the histories of the United States 
treated merely the political, military, and religious 
phases of American life, while the economic and 
social were neglected, if not altogether ignored; and 
this in spite of the fact that the latter have been 
constantly gaining in importance with our material 
progress and have formed, further, the real essence 
of our most crucial political questions. We need only 
refer to the slavery question with its many complica¬ 
tions, or consider the debates on the public lands, 
internal improvements, the United States bank, the 
tariff, the currency, immigration, the organization of 
labor, and the regulation of corporations, to show 
what an important part economic questions have 
played in American politics. 

The Need for the Study of American 
Economic History. 

Today, economic and social problems are pressing 
for solution; and questions of government are becom¬ 
ing, to an ever-increasing extent, economic rather 
than political. The scientific spirit is making new 
demands upon the past. It wants to know a thousand 
things concerning which annalists in former times 
were not curious. Whereas historians have hitherto 
interrogated the past concerning the doings of 
generals, politicians, and churchmen, they are now 
coming to search for information concerning such 
matters, as the tenure of public and private land, the 
migrations of settlers and of crop areas, the rise of 
trades unions and farmers’ organizations, the growth 
of corporations, the status of the negro, and the 
advance of education. The rising school of economic 
historians is responding to the demands of a new age 
and the history of our country is being re-explored 
and rewritten in order that we may not only know 
more about the past, but also that we may better 
understand the present with its complex economic 

10 


and social problems; in other words, that we may 
better interpret our own times in the light of economic 
and social evolution. 

Fundamental Significance of the Economic 
History of American Agriculture. 

Of fundamental significance in the scientific study 
of American development is the economic history of 
our agriculture. This phase of our history has not 
hitherto received the attention at the hands of 
historians which its importance merits. It is time, 
therefore, first, to define the economic history of 
American agriculture as a field for study; second, to 
suggest some of the more important problems which 
this field offers for investigation, and, third, to 
present the reasons why special attention should be 
given to the subject. 

The economic history of American agriculture 
presents an inviting field for study and research. 
This subject includes much more than a mere account 
of progress in the technique of agriculture. It 
includes a consideration of all the facts, forces, and 
conditions which have entered into the development 
of agriculture from the beginning of the first settle¬ 
ments to the present time. Thus considered, it 
includes a study of physiographic conditions—topog¬ 
raphy, soil, climate, rainfall, and drainage systems; 
Indian economy; the migration of settlers; the occu¬ 
pation of woodland and prairie country; the disposal 
of the public lands; systems of land tenure and 
tenancy; and the types of farming developed in each 
new area reached in the course of westward migration. 
It includes further a study of the westward movement 
of crop and live stock areas; the introduction and 
popularization of labor saving machinery; the de¬ 
velopment of specialized farming; the transportation 
of farm products; the growth of markets; and the 
establishment of agencies for the promotion of 
scientific knowledge relating to agriculture. And 

11 


finally, it includes a study of the relation of agricul¬ 
ture to other industries—flour milling, meat packing, 
and transportation; the problems engaging the atten¬ 
tion of the rural population in the different periods— 
transportation, markets, currency, banking, and tax¬ 
ation; the relation of the farmer to politics and to 
legislation; the relation of the State to agriculture; 
and the influence of agriculture on our whole national 
life. Thus interpreted, the economic history of agri¬ 
culture is closely interwoven with other phases of 
American history. It is a constituent part of the 
history of the entire people. To define the subject 
in this way is, therefore, to direct attention not to a 
separate or distinct phase of American history, but to 
emphasize a new point of view in the study of our 
national development. 

Some Problems in the Economic History of 
American Agriculture. 

These considerations show the broad scope of the 
economic history of American agriculture as a field 
of study and research. What then are some of the 
more specific problems inviting the attention of the 
historian? The limits of space will permit but a 
brief statement of these problems. 

The History of the Public Lands .—The first ques¬ 
tion in the agricultural history of any country or 
region is the relation of the farmer to the land. Fifty 
years ago there was little or no occasion for a careful 
consideration of this question. There was a super¬ 
abundance of virgin land which could be had for 
nothing and Congress was not much concerned over 
the methods of its disposal. The rapid transference 
of this vast heritage from public to private ownership 
constitutes an important chapter in American history. 
It has been involved with other public questions and 
it has been an important issue in American politics. 
The land question has now entered upon a new and 
complex phase. The speculative spirit which has 
been fostered by a liberal land policy seems to have 

12 


become an ingrained American characteristic. It has 
contributed largely to an inflation of land values and 
to the present high rate of tenancy. In undertaking 
a study of the land question under both public and 
private ownership it should be remembered that the 
rapid disposal of the public lands is closely linked 
with the rapid growth of population, the change from 
extensive to intensive farming and the increased cost 
of living. 

The History of Leading Agricultural Industries .— 
Among these studies the grain growing, live stock, 
and cotton industries may be mentioned as of special 
interest and significance. Such studies should include 
a consideration of soil and climate, land tenure and 
tenancy, labor, the use of improved farm machinery, 
transportation, markets, and prices. The westward 
movement of production should be studied in relation 
to the westward movement of population and the 
accessibility of markets. The influence of agri¬ 
cultural prices on national politics and finance should 
receive careful study. The relation of these indus¬ 
tries to other related industries, such as flour milling, 
meat packing, and textile manufacturing establish¬ 
ments, should also be considered. 

Similar studies should be made of the dairy, 
tobacco, poultry, and fruit growing industries. The 
range is a subject of unusual interest and importance 
in the history of the Mississippi Valley. It still 
remains, however, a “no man’s land” of the historian 
who seems to have been content to leave this subject 
to the novelist, the essayist, and the poet. This is 
shown by the fact that when the editors of The 
Chronicles of America planned for a volume on this 
subject, they were compelled to ask a novelist to 
prepare it. The time has come for a critical study of 
the range and its relation to our whole national 
development. Among the newer agricultural indus¬ 
tries, the sugar beet industry may also be mentioned. 
These studies suggest other agricultural industries 
which await the labors of the historian. 


13 


The History of Agriculture in the Various States. 
—Such studies should include a consideration of 
economic geography, Indian agriculture, land policies, 
early settlements, relations with the Indians, pioneer 
farming, early trade routes, use of improved ma¬ 
chinery, development of specialized farming, trans¬ 
portation, and markets. Studies of this kind should 
include, further, a consideration of the systems of 
land tenure and tenancy, size of farms, land values 
and rentals, and the laws governing the inheritance of 
farm property. Attention should also be given to 
the sources of immigration, the types of farmers, the 
methods of farming, and the social phases of farm 
life, including education, religion, amusements, and 
entertainments. Currency and banking facilities, 
rural credit, rates of interest, farmers’ organizations, 
and the relation of the farming population to national 
politics and legislation are likewise among the im¬ 
portant subjects to be considered. Finally, the 
economic history of agriculture in any given State 
should include an historical and comparative study of 
the problems confronting the agricultural class. 
Similar studies may, indeed, be profitably made of 
larger geographic areas or regions like the Middle 
West. 

The History of the Transportation and Marketing 
of Agricultural Products. —Among the studies of this 
kind the history of the grain trade may be mentioned 
as worthy of primary consideration. Grain has 
always been the leading item entering into the 
internal commerce of the country. As an article of 
export it attained first place after the Civil War, thus 
superseding cotton, which formerly constituted the 
leading export product. This subject should include 
a study of the geographic distribution of grain 
production in the United States; the change in the 
areas of surplus production; the various routes— 
river, lake, canal, and rail—by which grain has been 
carried to market; the evolution of the leading pri¬ 
mary grain markets; the transportation lines connect- 

14 


ing the primary grain markets with the consuming 
States of the East and South; the development of the 
Atlantic and Gulf ports as local distributing and 
export centers for western grain and flour; and ocean 
steamship lines connecting these ports with the 
markets of Europe, South America, and the Far 
East. Attention should also be given to market 
conditions, price quotations and fluctuations, freight 
rates, terminal facilities, and charges for the handling 
of grain. Commercial agencies, such as boards of 
trade and produce exchanges, their functions and the 
part they have played in the development of the grain 
trade, should be considered. 

The history of the grain trade is the history of a 
competitive struggle between commercial centers for 
the surplus grain and flour of the Middle West 
destined for the consuming States of the East and 
the South and for the countries of w r estern Europe. 
It is also the history of a competitive struggle 
between the water and rail routes and in turn be¬ 
tween the rail routes themselves for this traffic. 
The inadequacy of our present transportation system 
for the handling of this traffic, combined with exces¬ 
sively high freight rates, has brought the entire 
Middle West into active support of the Great Lakes- 
St. Law r rence waterway project which is opposed by 
the commercial interests of Buffalo and New York 
City. These interests foresee, in the construction of 
that route and the consequent development of Chicago 
and Duluth as seaports, the destruction of a monopoly 
of the western grain traffic which they have held 
since the construction of the Erie Canal, This serves 
to illustrate the fact that the history of the grain 
trade of the United States, viewed in one way, is the 
history of the development of water, lake, canal, rail, 
and ocean transportation. To study the grain trade, 
therefore, is to study one of the fundamental problems 
in the history of the nation during the last one 
hundred years. 


15 


Similar studies should be made of the history of 
the provision trade—live stock and animal products; 
the history of the cotton trade; the history of the 
tobacco trade; and the history of the fruit trade. 
These subjects all occupy a place of fundamental 
importance in American history. They should, there¬ 
fore, be studied by the historian. Moreover, such 
studies would furnish the necessary historical back¬ 
ground for the consideration of present problems in 
the transportation and marketing of farm products 
which are engaging the attention of the economist 
and the lawmaker. 

The History of Farmers’ Organizations .—Studies 
of this kind may be divided into two groups: first, 
the organizations that seek to promote some special 
end or industry, among which may be mentioned the 
farmers’ elevator companies, the meat producers’ 
associations, the wool growers’ association, and the 
co-operative creamery associations; and, second, those 
organizations that seek to unite the farmers as a 
class; as for example, the Grange, the Farmers’ Alli¬ 
ance, and the American Farm Bureau Federation. In 
this group are included also political organizations 
such as the Greenback and Populist parties, which 
were principally western and to a large extent agri¬ 
cultural in origin. Such a study should include an 
investigation into the causes of agrarian discontent; 
the origin, formation, and growth of the organization; 
its functions and activities—political, economic, 
social, and educational; and its achievements and 
failures. The influence of the organization on State 
and national politics should be given due weight. 
Studies of this kind should receive considerable 
attention in view of the recent active interest which 
has been developed in the various forms of farmers’ 
organizations—local, State, and national. They will 
contribute very materially to a proper understanding 
of the farmers’ co-operative movement in this country 
and they will help to point the way to more successful 
and fruitful co-operation in the future. 

16 


The History of Agricultural Education.—This 
subject offers a variety of problems for study and 
investigation. Mention should be made especially of 
agricultural societies and fairs, the agricultural 
press, farmers’ organizations, the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, the various State depart¬ 
ments of agriculture, and the agricultural colleges 
and experiment stations, including rural extension 
work, the introduction of agriculture into the high 
schools, and the recent development of the county 
agent work. These agencies have all been potent 
factors in the promotion of scientific knowledge relat¬ 
ing to agriculture. They have contributed in no small 
measure to the rapid transformation of American 
agriculture from a primitive, pioneer, largely self- 
sufficing type of agriculture into a modern business 
organized on a scientific, capitalistic, commercial 
basis. We-are still without a satisfactory treatment 
of any of these agencies, the importance of which is 
now coming to be recognized as the nation is enter¬ 
ing upon the period of intensive development. These 
subjects, therefore, await the attention of the 
historian. 

The Biographies of Leading Men Who Have Con¬ 
tributed to the Advancement of Agriculture. —Our 
agricultural history is not devoid of the personal 
element. Reference need only be made to George 
Washington, whose extensive farming interests and 
activities and numerous writings on the subject of 
agriculture are sufficient to give him a prominent 
place in American history as one of the foremost 
agriculturists of his time. Consider also the place of 
Eli Whitney and his invention of the cotton gin in the 
history of the cotton industry and of Cyrus Hall 
McCormick and his invention of the reaper in the 
history of the wheat growing industry; of J. B. 
Turner and Justin H. Morrill in the movement for 
the establishment of colleges of agriculture and 
mechanic arts; of Oliver Hudson Kelly in the organi¬ 
zation of the Grange; of James B. Weaver in the 

17 


organization and history of the Greenback and 
Populist parties; of Seaman Knapp in the populariza¬ 
tion of scientific farming in the Southern States; of 
James Wilson in the extension and development of 
the activities of the United States Department of 
Agriculture; and of “Uncle Henry” Wallace in the 
promotion of scientific knowledge relating to agri¬ 
culture. These names suggest at once a host of 
scientists, inventors, journalists, public men, and 
practical farmers who have rendered conspicuous 
service in the advancement of agriculture and who, 
therefore, deserve as prominent places in American 
history as our soldiers and our statesmen. The 
economic history of agriculture is, therefore, rich in 
the personal element. 

Indications of an Awakening Interest in 
Agricultural History. 

The economic history of American agriculture as 
thus outlined, presents an inviting field for study and 
investigation. Although historians have not given 
this phase of our national life the attention and the 
emphasis which it deserves, it is encouraging to note 
an awakening interest in this direction. In evidence 
of this fact mention should first be made of the lead¬ 
ing State historical societies of the Mississippi Val¬ 
ley. These societies are doing an important work in 
the collection and classification of the historical 
sources, many of which have a direct bearing on agri¬ 
cultural history. Several societies have made pro¬ 
vision for researches in this field and a number of 
papers have been published; while two State agri¬ 
cultural histories are now in course of preparation. 
The departments of history and economics in some 
of the colleges and universities of the country have 
begun to direct graduate students to this field, as 
shown by the annually published list of masters’ and 
doctors’ dissertations; and some good monographs 
have been published. Some of the departments of 
history are now offering courses in agricultural his¬ 
tory. The Department of Economics and Sociology 

18 


of the Carnegie Institution at Washington has 
promised a comprehensive history of American agri¬ 
culture, which is to be published in the near future. 

Mention should also be made of the recently formed 

%> 

Agricultural History Society which has become 
affiliated with the American Historical Association. 
This society has become an active agency for the 
promotion of scientific work in the economic history 
of agriculture, as shown by the topics listed on the 
programs of the society and the volume of papers 
which has just been published by the American His¬ 
torical Association. Finally, reference should be 
made to the Mississippi Valley Historical Association, 
which is an important agency for the encouragement 
of productive work in agricultural history. 

These activities, however, represent only the 
pioneer undertakings which will need to be supple¬ 
mented by numerous studies if the economic history 
of American agriculture is to be properly recorded. 
Reasons for the Study of Agricultural History. 

The reasons for giving special attention to this 
hitherto neglected phase of American history may be 
briefly stated. 

Agriculture as the Leading Occupation .—Viewed 
in one way, the history of the United States from the 
beginning has been in very large measure the story 
of rural communities advancing westward by the con¬ 
quest of the soil and developing from a state of 
primitive self-sufficiency into a capitalistic and highly 
complex agricultural organization. Moreover, the 
great majority of the American people have always 
dwelt in rural communities. The United States 
census of 1910 showed that 54.2 per cent, of the entire 
population was still classed as rural, the term rural 
population being interpreted to include towns having 
fewer than 2,500 inhabitants, since such towns are 
directly dependent on the surrounding farming popu¬ 
lation. An analysis of the distribution of population 
over ten years of age and engaged in gainful occupa¬ 
tions shows that 33.2 per cent, of such persons were 

19 


engaged in the occupation of agriculture, forestry, 
and animal husbandry—a larger percentage than was 
engaged in any other occupation. The United 
States census of 1920 is the first to show that the 
greater portion of the population no longer lives in 
rural communities. According to this report 48.6 
per cent, of the population is classified as rural. It 
is also the first census to show that agriculture can 
no longer lay claim to the largest percentage of 
persons over ten years of age engaged in gainful 
occupations. That is to say, while 26.3 per cent, of 
those so employed were engaged in agriculture, 
forestry, and animal husbandry, 30.8 per cent, were 
engaged in manufacturing and mechanical industries. 
These facts show that agriculture has until the last 
few years played a larger part in the life of the 
American people than any other occupation, industry, 
or profession, and that this alone is sufficient to give 
it a place of predominant importance in the study of 
our national development. 

Relation of the Economic History of Agriculture 
to the Political and Constitutional History of the 
United States. —National politics and legislation have 
to a large extent been concerned with the problems 
that have been evolved by a rapidly expanding agri¬ 
cultural empire. Among these problems may be 
mentioned territorial acquisitions, Indian wars and 
treaties, the public lands, internal improvements— 
roads, canals, and railroads—the extension of cotton 
and slavery, banking, currency, and foreign affairs. 
A study of agricultural history shows, for example, 
that it was the demand of the southwestern farmers 
for the free and unrestricted use of the Mississippi 
River as an outlet for the surplus products and the 
use of New Orleans as an export trade center that led 
directly to the acquisition of Louisiana; that it was 
the interference with our agricultural export trade 
during the Napoleonic wars that constituted one of 
the principal causes of the Second War of Independ¬ 
ence; that it was the grain and wool producing States, 

20 


in support of the home market argument, that enabled 
the protectionist forces under the leadership of Henry 
Clay to enact the high tariff of 1824; and that it was 
the contest between two opposing systems of agri¬ 
culture—the one aristocratic, with large plantations, 
slave labor, and cotton, the other democratic with 
small holdings, free labor, and diversified farming— 
for the control of the West and for supremacy in the 
national government that dominated national politics 
and legislation for nearly a generation and finally led 
to the Civil War. While it is generally conceded that 
cotton was the economic weapon with which the South 
hoped to secure British recognition of the Confed¬ 
eracy, it is no less significant that England’s impera¬ 
tive need of northern wheat, due to the failure of the 
home and continental supplies, operated effectively to 
keep the British government officially neutral during 
the continuance of the struggle. Nor should we 
omit reference to the homestead law, enacted in 1862, 
the law providing for the establishment of colleges of 
agriculture and mechanic arts, the law creating the 
United States Department of Agriculture, and the 
law providing for a huge grant of land to aid in the 
construction of the Union Pacific Railroad. These 
laws represented a great triumph of the agricultural 
West in its demand for those agencies which were 
designed to promote the interests of the farming 
class. 

The revolution in agriculture during the latter half 
of the nineteenth century gave rise to many problems 
which became the subject of national politics and 
legislation. New parties were formed which gave 
expression to agrarian demands. The Greenback and 
Populist parties became the rallying ground for the 
more discontented and radical farmers, who believed 
that needed legislation could be secured only by 
inaugurating a revolt against the major parties and 
organizing new parties dedicated to the cause of the 
farmer and the laboring man; while the majority of 
the farmers realized that their demands could be more 


21 


effectively presented and secured through the major 
parties. The latter group, represented in the seven¬ 
ties by the Grangers and in our time by the Non- 
Partisan League and the American Farm Bureau 
Federation, remained in the old parties, nominated 
and elected candidates pledged to secure agrarian 
reforms, and incorporated their demands in the major 
party platforms, with the result that they contributed 
in no slight degree to the enactment of legislation 
designed to promote the interests of the farmer. 
Among these measures may be mentioned the enact¬ 
ment in 1887 of the Hatch Act providing for the 
establishment of agricultural experiment stations, and 
in 1888 of the law advancing the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture to the rank of a cabinet 
office; the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 
1887, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890, and the 
Federal Reserve Act in 1913; and the more recent 
agricultural legislation which has been enacted largely 
through the influence of the American Farm Bureau 
Federation, not to mention the formation of the 
agricultural bloc in Congress and the calling of the 
agricultural conference in Washington. These illus¬ 
trations are sufficient to emphasize the fact that a 
proper interpretation of politics and legislation is 
dependent in no small measure on the study of agri¬ 
cultural history. 

The Economic History of Agriculture as a Neces- 
sary Background for the Development of a Sound 
and Farsighted Rural Economy. —Economic history 
bears about the same relation to economic science that 
political history bears to political science. The value 
of political history to the political scientist is so obvi¬ 
ous as to require no defense. History is the school 
of experience in which political theories are tried out 
and tested; and so it becomes the first duty of the 
student of government to inform himself concerning 
the nature and workings of political experiments in 
the past in order that he may draw upon these 
experiments in the formulation of theories, the sound- 

29 

Lj —d 


ness of which must in turn be tested in the school of 
experience. “I have but one lamp by which my feet 
are guided/’ said Patrick Henry, “and that is the 
lamp of experience.” To which he added: “I know 
no way of judging the future but by the past.” The 
value of the historical approach to the study of 
present day problems has recently been further 
emphasized by James Harvey Robinson thus: “Cer¬ 
tain generally accepted historical facts, if permitted 
to play a constant part in our thought, would auto¬ 
matically eliminate a very considerable portion of the 
gross stupidity and blindness which characterize our 
present thought and conduct in public affairs and 
would contribute greatly to the remaking and expan¬ 
sion of the mind.” 

This argument applies to the economist with quite 
as much force as it does to the political scientist. That 
is to say, the economist needs to be familiar with the 
economic life of man in the past in order to under¬ 
stand and appreciate the organic nature of society. 
He needs to be historically minded if he would deal 
efficiently with the problems of the present. It goes 
without saying that too many economists are not 
properly trained in the historical method which con¬ 
stitutes the only safe and sane approach to the solu¬ 
tion of present day problems. Too many economists 
have been content to work in the realm of abstract 
theories without giving adequate attention to the 
teachings of history. As a consequence economic 
theories have been advanced which ignored the lessons 
of experience; whereas, if these lessons had been 
understood and appraised at their proper value, pro¬ 
posed plans and theories for the solution of economic 
and social problems would have been inaugurated 
along more sane and constructive lines. The study 
of history is the only route by which this can be 
accomplished, though it is the sort of preparation 
which is often sacrificed by students who are inter¬ 
ested in the solution of present day problems. 

The great problems of rural communities are human 

23 


rather than merely materialistic. That is to say, they 
are economic, social, and political, and they cannot 
be understood without due attention being given to 
their historical evolution. Questions of land tenure 
and tenancy, markets—including the complex prob¬ 
lems of distribution and exchange—capitalistic agri¬ 
culture, the rise of land values, rural credits, farmers’ 
organizations with their economic, political, educa¬ 
tional, and social functions, the rural school, the 
rural church, and good roads are only a few of the 
vital problems which should be considered from an 
historical and comparative, as well as from a purely 
technical, point of view. ' These problems will hence¬ 
forth demand a superior type of statesmanship, for 
we are today passing rapidly through a great tran¬ 
sition period of our history. We have emerged from 
the period of colonization, of exploitation, of exten¬ 
sive development; and we have now entered upon a 
period of intensive development. There is a greater 
need than ever for calling upon the wisdom and 
experience of the past in the working out of a sound 
and farsighted system of rural economy. We are in 
need of a scientific treatment of the economic history 
of agriculture in this country to help supply this 
need. 

The Economic History of Agriculture as Part of a 
Well Balanced History of the Nation. —Our history 
may, for convenience, be studied under the following 
heads according to phases of social life treated: 
(a) political, (b) constitutional, (c) military, (d) 
economic, (e) religious, (f) domestic, (g) history of 
morals, (h) history of intellectual life, and (i) his¬ 
tory of the fine arts. Economic history is further 
divisable into: (a) the history of population and 
immigration, (b) the history of agriculture, (c) the 
history of manufacturing, (d) the history of mining, 
(e) the history of transportation, (f) the history of 
domestic and foreign commerce, (g) the history (of 
money and banking, (h) the history of the labor 
movement, (i) the history of industrial organizations, 

24 


(j) the history of social legislation, (k) the history 
of federal and State finance, and (1) the history of 
the tariff. We have been supplied with histories 
galore dealing with the political, constitutional, and 
military aspects of American development; but we 
have scarcely as yet begun to make a scientific study 
of the other phases of our national life which have 
just been mentioned. While some attention has been 
given to the study and writing of economic history 
this phase of our history has been approached more 
from the industrial and economic point of view; while 
the agricultural point of view has received hardly any 
consideration whatever. Moreover, these various 
divisions of our history are, strictly speaking, not 
divisions at all, but constituent parts of our nation’s 
history. They are rather phases or points of view in 
the study of human society; and no phase of the 
study can be properly understood or interpreted 
except in its relation to other phases of development. 
It goes without saying, then, that if we are to have a 
well balanced history of a nation, no little attention 
must be given to the study of our agricultural history 
as well as to military and political history. 

After all is said, however, it must be understood, 
as has already been shown, that our agricultural his¬ 
tory is not to be viewed in the strict or narrow sense, 
but in the broad sense to include the whole life of the 
rural population, the conditions which have affected 
the progress of agriculture in the different periods, 
and the influence of agriculture on our whole national 
life—economic, political, constitutional, military, 
religious, intellectual, moral, and aesthetic. Thus 
defined the economic history of agriculture is closely 
related with other phases of our national develop¬ 
ment. To define it in this way is to direct attention 
not to a separate or distinct phase of American his¬ 
tory, but to a new point of view in the study of our 
national development. “The marking out of such a 
field is only a fresh example of the division of 
scientific labour: it is the provisional isolation, for the 

25 


better investigation of them, of a particular, group of 
facts and forces,” in order that a true history of our 
national progress and development may finally be 
written. 

Louis Bernard Schmidt. 

The Iowa State College of 
Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, 

Ames, Iowa. 


26 


INTRODUCTION. 

I. 

THE STUDY OF HISTORY. 

1. Adams, C. F.—“The Sifted Grain and the Grain 

Sifters,” The American Historical Review, 
Vol. VI, No. 2, January, 1901, pp. 197-230. 
“An Undeveloped Function,” The American His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. VII, No. 2, January, 
1902, pp. 203-232. 

2. Adams, E. I).— The Power of Ideals in Ameri¬ 

can History, 1912. 

3. Adams, G. B.—“History and the Philosophy of 

History,” The American Historical Review, 
Vol. XIV, No. 2, January, 1909, pp. 221-236. 
“Methods of Work in Historical Seminaries,” 
The American Historical Review, Vol. X, No. 

1, October, 1904, pp. 521-533. 

4. Ashley, W. J.— Surveys: Historic and Economic, 

1900, pp. 1-30. 

5. Baldwin, S. E.—“Religion Still the Ke}^ to His¬ 

tory,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 
XII, No. 2, January, 1907, pp. 219-243. 

6. Bogart, E. L.— “Economic History of the United 

States,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclopedia 
of American Government, 1914, Vol. I, pp. 
620-625. 

7. Bryce, James— The Study of American History, 

*1922. 

8. Burgess, J. W.—“Political Science and History,” 

The American Historical Review, Vol. II, No. 
3, April, 1897, pp. 401-408. 

9. Burr, G. L.— “The Freedom of History,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. XXII, No. 

2, January, 1917, pp. 253-271. 

10. Callender, G. S.—“The Position of American 
Economic History,” The American Historical 
Review, Vol. XIX, No. 1, October, 1913, pp. 
80-97. 


11. Conger, A. L.—“The Function of Military His¬ 

tory,” The Mississippi Historical Review, Vol. 
Ill, No. 2, September, 1916, pp. 161-171. 

12. Cunningham, W.— The Growth of English In¬ 

dustry and Commerce During the Early and 
Middle Ages. Fifth Edition, 1910, pp. 6-27. 

13. Day, Clive.—“Commercial and Industrial His¬ 

tory in Secondary Schools,” The History 
Teacher’s Magazine, Vol. V, January, 1914, 

pp. 11-16. 

14. Dow, Earle W.—“Features of the New History: 

Apropos of Lamprecht’s ‘Deutsche Ge- 
schichte,’ ” The American Historical Review, 
Vol. Ill, No. 3, April, 1898, pp. 431-448. 

15. Farnum,' H. W.— The Economic Utilization of 

History, 1913. 

16. Fling, F. M.—“Historical Synthesis,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. IX, No. 1, 
October, 1903, pp. 1-22. 

17. Ford, \V. C.—“The Editorial Function in United 

States History,” The American Historical 
Review, Vol. XXIII, No. 2, January, 1918, 
pp. 273-286. 

18. Fox, I). R. (Editor)— Harper’s Atlas of Ameri¬ 

can History, 1920. See especially “American 
History and the Map,” pp. 101-109. 

19. Gras, N. S. B.— An Introduction to Economic 

History, 1922. “The Present Condition of 
Economic History,” The Quarterly Journal 
of Economics, Vol. XXXIV, February, 1920, 
pp. 209-224. 

20. Hart, A. B.—“Imagination in History,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. XV, No. 2, 
January, 1910, pp. 227-251. 

“The Historical Opportunity in America,” The 
American Historical Review, Vol. IV, No. 1, 
October, 1898, pp. 1-20. 

21. Hill, D. J.—“The Ethical Function of the His¬ 

torian,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 
XIV, No. 1, October, 1908, pp. 9-21. 

28 


22. Hulbert, A. C.—“The Increasing Debt of His¬ 

tory to Science/’ Proceedings of the Ameri¬ 
can Antiquarian Society, Vol. XXX, 1919, pp. 
29-42. 

23. Huntington, E.—“Changes of Climate and 

Civilization,” The American Historical Re¬ 
view, Vol. XVIII, No. 2, January, 1913, pp. 
213-232. 

24. Lea, H. C.—“Ethical Values in History,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. IX, No. 2, 
January, 1904, pp. 233-246. 

25. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Chapter I. 

26. Lloyd, A. H.—“History and Materialism,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. X, No. 4, 
July, 1905, pp. 727-750. 

27. Loos, I. A.—“Historical Approach to Eco¬ 

nomics,” The American Economic Review, 
Vol. VIII, No. 3, September, 1918, pp. 549- 
563. 

28. McLaughlin, A. C.—“American History and 

American Democracy,” The American His- 
torical Review, Vol. XX, No. 2, January, 
1915, pp. 255-276. 

29. McMaster, J. B.—“Old Standards of Public 

Morals,” The American Historical Review, 
Vol. XI, No. 3, April, 1906, pp. 515-528. 

30. Robinson, J. H.— The New History, 1912. 

31. Roosevelt, Tlieo.—“History as Literature,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. XVIII, No. 
3, April, 1913, pp. 473-489. 

33. Schlesinger, A. M.— New Viewpoints in Ameri¬ 

can History, 1922. 

34. Seligman, E. R. A.— The Economic Interpreta¬ 

tion of History. Second Edition, Revised, 
1917. 

35. Shotwell, J. T.—“The Interpretation of His¬ 

tory,” The American Historical Revieiv, Vol. 
XVIII, No. 4, July, 1913, pp. 692-709. 

29 


36. Sloane, W. M.—“History and Democracy/’ The 

American Historical Review, No. 1, October, 
1895, pp. 1-23. 

“The Substance and Vision of History,’’ The 
American Historical Review, Vol. XVII, No. 
2, January, 1912, pp. 235-251. 

37. Smith, Goldwin—“The Treatment of History,” 

The American Historical Review, Vol. X, No. 

1, October, 1904, pp. 511-520. 

38. Stephens, H. M.—“Nationality and History,” 

The American Historical Review, Vol. XXI, 
No. 2, January, 1916, pp. 225-236. 

39. Teggert, F. J.—“The Circumstance or the Sub¬ 

stance of History,” The American Historical 
Review, Vol. XV, No. 4, July, 1910, pp. 
709-719. 

40. Thayer, W. R.—“Falacies in History,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. XXV, No. 

2, January, 1920, pp. 179-190. 

“Vagaries of Historians,” The American His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, January, 
1919, pp. 183-195. 

41. Turner, F. J.— The Frontier in American His¬ 

tory, 1920. 

42. Wallace, W. K.— The Trend of History, 1922. 

43. Wright, C. D.—“An Economic History of the 

United States,” Publications of the American 
Economic Association. Third series, Vol. VI, 
1905, pp. 390-429. 

II. 

THE HISTORY OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURE. 

1. Bolles, A. S.— Industrial History of the United 

States, 1878. Book I on Agriculture and 
Horticulture, pp. 1-181. A brief historical 
survey of American agriculture from the be¬ 
ginning of the Colonial period to 1876. 

2. Brewer, W. N.—“History of American Agricul¬ 

ture,” Tenth Census of the United States, 
Vol. Ill, Report on Cereal Production of the 
United States, 1880, pp. 131-141. 

30 


3. Browne, D. J.—“Progress of Agriculture,” An¬ 

imal Report of the Commissioner of Patents. 
Agriculture, 1857, pp. 1-50. 

4. Bullock, D. J.— Selected Readings in Economics, 

1907, Ch. IV; “American Agriculture.” 

5. Carrier, Lyman— The Beginnings in American 

Agriculture, 1923. Ch. I. 

6. Carver, T. N.—“Historical Sketch of Modern 

Agriculture,” in the same author’s Principles 
of Rural Economics, 1911. Ch. II. 
“Historical Sketch of American Agriculture,” 
Bailey’s Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 
Vol. IV, 1909, pp. 39-71. 

7. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh edition, Vol. 

I, pp. 388-416. The history of agriculture 
in ancient, mediaeval, and modern times, with 
special emphasis on English and American 
agriculture. 

8. Flint, C. L.—“Agriculture in the United States, 

1607-1860,” Eighty Years’ Proqress, 1861, 
Vol. I, pp. 19-102. * 

9. Holmes, G. K.—“Progress of Agriculture in the 

United States,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 
307-334: 

10. Poore, B. P.—“History of Agriculture in the 

United States,” Annual Report of the Com¬ 
missioner of Agriculture, 1866, pp. 498-527. 

11. Sanford, A. H.— The Story of Agriculture in 

the United States, 1916. 

12. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Economic History of 

American Agriculture as a Field for Study,” 
The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 
Vol. Ill, No. 1, 1916, pp. 39-49. Reprinted 
in The Historical Outlook, Vol. X, No. 1, 
January, 1919, pp. 8-12. 

“An Unworked Field in Mississippi Valley His¬ 
tory,” The Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics, Vol. XXI, No. 1, January, 1923, pp. 
94-111. 


31 


13. Smith, J. R.— Industrial and Commercial Geog¬ 

raphy, 1913. Ch. II. 

14. Taylor, R. G.—“Some Sources for Mississippi 

Valley Agricultural History,” The Mississippi 
Valley Historical Review, Vol. VII, No. 2, 
September, 1920, pp. 142-145. 

15. Trimble, W. J.—“The Agrarian History of the 

United States as a Subject for Research,” 
Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley His¬ 
torical Association, Vol. VIII, 1916, pp. 
81-90. 

16. Turner, F. J.—“The Significance of the Frontier 

in American History,” Annual Report of the 
American Historical Association, 1893, pp. 
199-227. Reprinted in the same author’s The 
Frontier in American History, 1920. Ch. I. 

17. Walker, F. A.—“The General Characteristics of 

American Agriculture,” Tenth Census of the 
United States, 1880, Vol. Ill, pp. xxviii-xxxi. 


32 


Part I. 

THE FOUNDATIONS OF AMERICAN 
AGRICULTURE. 

1492-1763. 

m. 

THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Cole, Arthur C.—“The Passing of the Frontier,” 

The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 
Vol. V, No. 3, December, 1918, pp. 288-312. 
This article constitutes the first chapter of 
Cole’s The Era of the Civil War, which has 
been published as Volume III of The Centen¬ 
nial History of Illinois. 

2. Emerson, Guy— The New Frontier, 1920. A 

Study of the American Liberal Spirit, Its 
Frontier Origin and Its Application to Mod¬ 
ern Problems. 

3. Hough, E.— The Passing of the Frontier, The 

Chronicles of America Series, Vol. XXVI, 
1918. 

4. Paxson, F. L.— The Last American Frontier, 

1910. 

5. Turner, F. J.—“The Frontier in American De¬ 

velopment,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclo¬ 
pedia of American Government, 1914, Vol. II, 
pp. 61-64. 

The Frontier in American History, 1920. A 
series of essays on the influence of the frontier 
in American history. These studies appeared 
originally in various historical magazines and 
periodicals. Invaluable. The essays re¬ 
printed in this volume, with original date of 
publication, are: 

I. The Significance of the Frontier in Ameri¬ 
can History, 1893. 

II. The First Official Frontier of Massachu¬ 
setts Bay, 1914. 

III. The Old West, 1908. 

IV. The Middle West, 1901. 

33 


V. The Ohio Valley in American History, 

1909. 

VI. The Significance of the Mississippi Val¬ 
ley in American History, 1910. 

VII. The Problem of the West, 1896. 

VIII. Dominant Forces in Western Life, 
1907. 

IX. Contributions of the West to American 
Democracy, 1903. 

X. Pioneer Ideals and the State University, 

1910. 

XI. The West and American Ideals, 1914. 

XII. Social Forces in American History, 

1911. 

XIII. Middle Western Pioneer Democracy, 
1918. 

6. Statistical Atlas of the United States. Thir¬ 
teenth Census, 1910, Department of Com¬ 
merce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, 
1914, pp. 12-24. The distribution of popu¬ 
lation and the recession of the frontier by 
decennial periods from 1790 to 1910, inclu¬ 
sive. See also accompanying plates 3 to 15, 
inclusive. 


IV. 

GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN AMERICAN HISTORY. 

1. Blodgett, J. H.— Relations of Population and 

Food Products in the United States , 1850- 
1900, United States Department of Agricul¬ 
ture, Division of Statistics, Bulletin, No. 24. 

2. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. I. 

3. Bowman, I.— Forest Physiography. 

4. Brigham, A. P.— Geographic Influence in Ameri¬ 

can History, 1903. 

“Physiography of North America,” McLaughlin 
and Hart’s Cyclopedia of American Govern¬ 
ment, 1914, Vol. II, pp. 687-690. 

34 


5. Davenport, E.—“Influence of Conditions on Agri¬ 

cultural Practice,” Bailey’s Cyclopedia of 
American Agriculture, Vol. IV, pp. 90-97. 

6. Davis, W. M.—“The Continent of North 

America,” Mill’s International Geography, 
1899, pp. 664-678. 

“The United States of America,” Mill’s Inter¬ 
national Geography, 1899, pp. 710-773. 
“America,” Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh 
Edition, Vol. I, pp. 805-806. 

“The United States,” Encyclopedia Britannica, 
Eleventh Edition, Vol. XXVII, pp. 612-624. 

7. Farrand, L.— Basis of American History, The 

American Nation, Vol. II, 1904, pp. 1-70. 

8. Fox, D. R. (Editor)— Harper’s Atlas of Ameri¬ 

can History, 1920. See especially “American 
History and the Map,” pp. 101-109. Also 
“Map Studies,” pp. 111-181. 

9. Hodge, F. W. (Editor)— Handbook of Ameri¬ 

can Indians North of Mexico, United States 
Bureau of Ethnology. Bulletin 30. Wash- 

10. Huntington, Ellsworth— The Red Man’s Con¬ 

tinent, The Chronicles of America Series, 
Vol. I, 1919, Chs. I, II, III, IV. 

11. Jefferson, M.—“The Anthropogeography of 

North America,” Bulletin of the American 
Geographic Society, Vol. XLV, p. 161. 

12. Johnson, Emory R.— History of Domestic and 

Foreign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 
Vol. I, Ch. I. 

13. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. II. 

14. Marshall, L. C., Wright, W. W., and Field, 

J. A. —Materials for the Study of Economics, 
1913, pp. 58-104. 

15. Powell, J. W., and others— The Physiography of 

the United States, 1896. Monograph by 
Powell in Physiographic Regions of the United 
States, pp. 65-100. 

35 


16. Schlesinger, A. M.— New Viewpoints in Ameri¬ 

can History, 1922, Ch. II. 

17. Semple, E. C.— American History and Its Geo¬ 

graphic Conditions, 1903. 

18. Shaler, N. S.—“The Effect of the Physiography 

of North America Upon Men of European 
Origin,” Winsor’s Narrative and Critical His¬ 
tory of the United States, Vol. IV, Introduc¬ 
tion, pp. x-xxx. Reprinted in Bullock’s 
Selected Readings in Economics, 1907, Ch. I. 
The United States of America, Vol. I, 1894, Chs. 

I, II, III, VII, VIII, IX. 

Nature and Man in America, 1891. 

19. Shimek, B.—“The Pioneer and the Forest,” 

Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley His¬ 
torical Association, Vol. Ill, 1909-1910, pp. 
96-105. 

20. Turner, F. J.—“Is Sectionalism in America Dy¬ 

ing Away?” The American Journal of So¬ 
ciology, Vol. XIII, March, 1908, pp. 661-675, 
811-819. 

“Sectionalism in the United States,” McLaugh¬ 
lin and Hart’s Cyclopedia of American Gov¬ 
ernment, 1914, Vol. Ill, pp. 280-285. 
“Sections and Nations,” The Yale Quarterly Re¬ 
view, Vol. XII, No. 1, October, 1922, pp. 
1 - 21 . 

21. Van Hise, C. R. —Conservation of Natural Re¬ 

sources of the United States, 1910, pp. 208- 
211, 268-277. 

22. Thirteenth Census of the United States, Vol. V, 

Appendix Z, pp. 893-900. 

V. 

INDIAN AGRICULTURE IN AMERICA. 

1. Bruce, P. A. —Economic History of Virginia in 

the Seventeenth Century, Vol. I, 1895, Ch. 

III. 

2. Carrier, Lyman— The Beginnings of American 

Agriculture, 1923, Chs. II, III, IV, V, VI, 
VII, VIII, IX. 


36 


3 Catlin, G.— Letters and Notes on the Manners, 
Customs and Conditions of the North Ameri¬ 
can Indians, 1814. 

4. Cook, O. F.—“The American Origin of Agricul¬ 

ture,” The Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 61, 
October. 

5. Farrand, L.— Basis of American History, The 

American Nation, Vol. II, 1904, pp. 70-262. 
Especially Chs. VI and X to XVII, inclusive. 
Ch. XVIII gives a good bibliography. 

6. Frederici, G.— Indianer and Anglo-Amerikaner. 

7. Hodge, F. W.— Handbook of American Indians 

North of Mexico, United States Bureau of 
Ethnology, Washington, 1897, 1900, 1911. 

8. Holmes, G. K.—“Aboriginal Agriculture: The 

North American .Indians,” Bailey’s Cyclo¬ 
pedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, 1909, 
pp. 24-39. 

9. Huntington, Ellsworth— The Red Man's Con¬ 

tinent, The Chronicles of America Series, Vol. 
I, 1919, Ch. V. 

10. Palmer, Edward—“Food Products of the North 

American Indians,” Annual Report of the 
Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 404- 
428. 

11. Payne, E. J.— History of the New World Called 

America, 2 Vols., 1892, 1899. Description of 
conditions of life among the aborigines as 
the result of natural conditions, especially the 
nature of the food supply and the lack of 
useful domestic animals. 

12. Powell, J. W.—“The North American Indians,” 

Shaler’s The United States of America, Vol. 
I, Ch. IV. 

13. Prescott, Philander—“Farming Among the Sioux 

Indians,” Report of the Commissioner of 
Patents: Agriculture, 1849, pp. 451-455. 

14. Schoolcraft, H. R.— Historical and Statistical 

Information Respecting the History , Condi- 

37 


tions and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of 
the United States, 1851. 

15. Smith, Capt. John—“Description of Virginia,” 

Narratives of Early Virginia (Original Nar¬ 
ratives of Early American History, edited by 
J. F. Jameson), pp. 90-97. 

16. Roosevelt, Theodore— Winning of the West, Vol. 

I, Chs. Ill, IV. 

17. Will, G. F., and Hyde, G. E.— Corn Among the 

Indians of the Upper Mississippi, 1917. 

18. Willoughby, C. C.—“The Virginia Indians in 

the Seventeenth Century,” The American 
Anthropologist, Vol. XI, No. 13. 

“Gardens of the New England Indians,” The 
American Anthropologist, Vol. VIII, No. 1. 

19. Tivelftli Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. 

V, pp. 717-740. A review of agriculture on 
Indian reservations. 

VI. 

LAND SYSTEMS OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 

1607-1763. 

1. Ballagh, J. C.—“Introduction to Southern Eco¬ 

nomic History: The Land System,” Annual 
Report of the American Historical Associa¬ 
tion, 1897, pp. 101-129. 

2. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised edition of 1922, pp. 36-39. 

3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 22-27. 

4. Bond, B. W.—“The Quit-Rent System in the 

American Colonies,” The American Historical 
R eview, Vol. XVII, No. 3, April, 1912, pp. 
496-516. 

“The Quit-Rent System in the American Colo¬ 
nies,” Yale Historical Publications, Miscel¬ 
lany, Vol. VI, 1919. 

5. Bruce, P. A.— Economic History of Virginia in 

the Seventeenth Century, Vol. I, 1895, Ch. 

VIII. 


38 


6. Carver, T. N.— Principles of Rural Economics, 

1911, pp. 64-70. 

“Historical Sketch of American Agriculture,” 
Bailey s Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 
Vol. IV, 1909, pp. 41, 42. 

7. Coman, Katherine— Industrial History of the 

United States. Revised edition of 1910, pp. 
32-38. 

8. Donaldson, T.— Public Domain, Washington, 

1884, pp. 465-476. 

9. Eggleston, E.— The Land Systems of the New 

England Colonies, The Johns Hopkins Uni¬ 
versity Studies, Fourth Series, 1886, pp. 449- 
600. 

Transit of Civilization, 1900, Ch. VI. 

10. Ford, Amelia C.— Colonial Precedents of Our 

National Land System as It Existed in 1800, 
Bulletin of University of Wisconsin, 1908. 

11. Gould, C. P.- —The Land System in Maryland, 

1720-1765, The Johns Hopkins University 
Studies, Series XXXI, No. 1, 1913, pp. 9-106. 

12. Osgood, H. L.— The American Colonies in the 

Seventeenth Century, Vol. I, Part I, Ch. I. 

13. Shepherd, W. R.—'“The Land System of Provin¬ 

cial Pennsylvania,” Annual Report of the 
American Historical Association, 1895, pp. 
117-125. 

14. Treat, Payson J.— National Land System, 1785- 

1820, 1910, pp. 23-26. 

15. Weeden, W. B. —Economic and Social History 

of New England, Vol. I, 1890, pp. 47-68. 

VII. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 

1607-1763. 

1. Andrews, C. M. — Colonial Folkways, The Chroni¬ 

cles in America Series, Vol. IX, 1919. 

2. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised edition of 1922, Chs. II, IV. 

39 


3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 28-4-1, 82-96, 106-114. 

4. Brewer, W. N.—“History of American Agricul¬ 

ture,” Report on Cereal Production, pp. 133- 
137 in Tenth Census of the United States, 
1880, Vol. III. 

5. Bolles, A. S.— Industrial History of the United 

States, 1878, pp. 1-45. 

6. Bruce, P. A.— Economic History of Virginia in 

the Seventeenth Century, 1895, Vol. I, Chs. 
IV, V, VI, VII, VIII; Vol. II, Chs. X, XI, 

XII, XIII, XIV and XXI. 

7. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1909, pp. 6-28, 
44-51, 69-77. 

8. Carrier, Lyman —The Beginnings of American 

Agriculture, 1923, Chs. X, XI, XII, XIII, 
XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX, 
XXI, XXII. 

9. Carter, Landon—“Landon Carter’s Crop Book,” 

William and Mary’s Quarterly, Vol. XX, pp. 
280-285; Vol. XXI, pp. 11-21. 

10. Carver, T. N.—“Historical Sketch of American 

Agriculture,” Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Ameri¬ 
can Agriculture, Vol. IV, 1909, pp. 39-50. 

11. Channing, E.— History of the United States, 

Vol. I, 1905, Chs. XIX; Vol. II, 1908, Ch. 

XIII. 

12. Coman, K.— Industrial History of the United 

States. Revised edition of 1910, pp. 41-46, 
48-63. 

13. Eggleston, E.—“Husbandry in Colony Times,” 

The Century Magazine, New Series, Vol. V, 
January, 1884, pp. 431-449. 

14. Fisher, S. G.— The Quaker Colonies, The 

Chronicles of America Series, Vol. VIII, 
1919, Chs. IV, IX. 

15. Flint, C. L.—“Agriculture in the United States, 

1607-1860,” Eighty Years’ Progress, 1861, 

40 


Vol. I, pp. 19-102. Also in Annual Report 
of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 1872, pp. 
274-301. 

16. Greene, E. B.— Provincial America, The Ameri¬ 

can Nation, Vol. VI, 1905, Ch. XVI. 

17. Holmes, G. K.—“Progress of Agriculture in the 

United States,” Yearbook of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 308- 
312. 

18. Jacobstein, M.— The Tobacco Industry in the 

United States, Columbia University Studies, 
Vol. XXVI, No. 3, 1907, pp. 273-293. 

19. Jernegan, M. W.—“Slavery and the Beginnings 

of Industrialism in the American Colonies,” 
The American Historical Review, Vol. XXV, 
No. 2, January, 1920, pp. 22-240. 

20. Lippincott, L.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. IV. 

21. O’Callaghan, E. B.— Documents Relating to the 

Colonial History of the State of New York, 
1607-1778, 10 volumes. See Index Volume 
under Agriculture, Wheat, Corn, Cattle, etc. 

22. Payne, E. J.— History of the New World Called 

America, Vol. I, pp. 316-384; 401-434. 

23. Phillips, ' Deane— Horse Raising in Colonial 

New England, Cornell University Agricultural 
Experiment Station, Ithaca, Memoir 54, May, 
1922. 

24. Sanford, A. H.— Story of Agriculture in the 

United States, 1915, Chs. II, III, IV, V, VI, 

VII. 

25. Scisco, L. D.—“The Plantation Type of Colony,” 

The American Historical Review, Vol. VIII, 
No. 2, January, 1903, pp. 260-270. 

26. Weeden, W. B.— Economic and Social History 

of New England, 1890. See Index under 
Agriculture. 

27. Wright, C. W.— Wool-Growing and the Tariff, 

Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V, 1910, 
Ch. I. 


41 


28. Anonymous— American Husbandry, 2 Vols., 

London, 1775. 


VIII. 

TRADE AND COMMERCE OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 

1607-1763. 

1. Andrews, C. M.—“Colonial Commerce,” The 

American Historical Review, Vol. XX, No. 1, 
October, 1914, pp. 43-63. 

2. Andrews, C. M.— Colonial Self-Government, The 

American Nation, Vol. V, 1904, Ch. XIX. 

3. Ashley, W. J.—“Commercial Legislation of Eng¬ 

land,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. XIV, pp. 1-29. Reprinted in the same 
author’s Surveys: Historic and Economic, 
1900, pp. 309-335. 

4. Beer, G. L.— Commercial Policy of England 

Toward the American Colonies, The Colum¬ 
bia University Studies, Vol. Ill, 1893, No. 2. 

5. Bell, Herbert C.—“The West Indian Trade Be¬ 

fore the American Revolution,” The American 
Historical Review, Vol. XXII, No. 2, Janu¬ 
ary, 1917, pp. 272-287. 

6. Bogart, E. L. —Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, Chs. V, VI. 

7. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M .—Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
pp. 69-81, 96-106, Ch. IV. 

8. Bruce, P. A.— Economic History of Virginia in 

the Seventeenth Century, 1895, Vol. II, Ch. 
XIX. 

9. Callender, G. S. —Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, pp. 6-28, 51-68. 
and Chs. Ill, IV. 

10. Carrier, Lyman— The Beginnings of American 

Agriculture, 1923, Chs. XXIII, XXIV, XXV. 

11. Channing, E.— History of the United States, 

Vol. II, 1908, Ch. XVII; Vol. Ill, 1912, Ch. 
XIII. 


42 


12. Coman, Katharine— Industrial History of the 

United States. Revised edition of 1910, pp. 
73-88. 

13. Cunningham, W.— The Growth of English In¬ 

dustry and Commerce. Third edition, Vol. 
II, 1903, pp. 331-360, 471-483, 583-588. 

14. Day, Clive.— History of Commerce, New and 

Revised edition, 1922, Chs. XVIII, XXI, 
XXII. 

15. DuBois, W. E. B. —The Suppression of the 

African Slave Trade, Harvard Historical 
Studies, Vol. I, 1896, Chs. I to V, inclusive. 

16. Elliott, O. L.— The Tariff Controversy in the 

United States, Leland Stanford Junior Uni¬ 
versity Monographs in History and Eco¬ 
nomics, No. 1, 1892, Ch. I. 

17. Greene, E. B.— Provincial America, The Ameri¬ 

can Nation, Vol. VI, 1905, Ch. XVII. 

18. Hill, William—“Colonial Tariffs,” The Quar¬ 

terly Journal of Economics, Vol. VII, pp. 
78-100. 

19. Howard, G. E.— Preliminaries of the American 

Revolution, The American Nation, Vol. VIII, 
1905, Ch. III. 

20. Johnson, E. R.— History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 

Vol. I, Chs. I, II, III, IV, V, VI, X, XI. 

21. Kettell, F. P.—“Commerce of the United States,” 

Eighty Years' Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 
132-144. 

22. Lippincott, S.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. V. 

23. Osgood, H. L. —American Colonies in the Seven¬ 

teenth Century, Vol. Ill, Ch. VII. 

24. Schmoller, Gustav— The Mercantile System. 

25. Weeden, W. B.— Economic and Social History 

of New England, 1890, Vol. II, Chs. XII, 
XIV, XV, XVI, XIX, XX. 

43 



Part II. 

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF PIONEER 
AND PLANTER INTO THE MIS¬ 
SISSIPPI VALLEY. 

1763-1860. 

IX. 

POPULATION AND AGRICULTURE. 

1763-1815. 

1. Adams, Henry— History of the United States, 

Vol. I, 1889, Chs. I, II and VI. 

2. Bassett, J. S.— Federalist System, The American 

Nation, Vol. XI, Ch. XIII. 

3. Beard, C. A.— An Economic Interpretation of 

the Constitution, 1913, Ch. II: “A Survey 
of Economic Interests in 1787.” 

Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy, 

1915, Ch. XII. 

4. Bidwell, P. W.—“Rural Economy in New Eng¬ 

land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth 
Century,” Transactions of the Connecticut 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, 
April, 1916, pp. 319-353. 

5. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. IX. 

6. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. L.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 

1916, pp. 219-237. 

7. Brooks, W. E.— The Agricultural Papers of 

George Washington, 1919. 

8. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1909, pp. ISO- 
182. 

9. Channing, E .—History of the United States, 

Vol. IV, Ch. I. 

10. Coxe, Tench— View of the United States of 

America, 1787-1797. See Table of Contents. 

11. Dwight, T.— Travels in New England and New 

York, 1796-1815. 


45 


12. Flinty C. L.—“Agriculture in the United States/’ 

Eighty Years’ Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 19- 
102. Also article on “Cotton Culture/’ pp. 
102-124. 

13. Hammond, M. B.—“The Cotton Industry,” Pub¬ 

lications of the American Economic Associa¬ 
tion, New Series, Part I, 1897, Ch. I. 

14. Haworth, P. L.— George Washington: Farmer, 

1915. 

15. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. VII. 

16. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. I, Ch. I: Vol. II, Ch. 
XII. 

17. Purcell, R. J. —Connecticut in Transition, 1775- 

1818, 1918, Ch. IV. 

18. Sanford, A. H.— The Story of Agricidture in 

the United States, Chs. VII, VIII, IX, X, XI. 

19. Schouler, J. —History of the United States, Vol. 

I, pp. 240-246. 

20. Taylor, R. Q.—“The Importance of the Agri¬ 

cultural Revolution,” The History Teacher’s 
Magazine, Vol. VIII, No. 10, December, 
1917, pp. 342-344. 

21. Wilstach, Paul—“George Washington as a 

Planter and Country-Gentleman,” Country 
Life in America, Vol. XXX, June, 1916, pp. 
31-33. 

Potomac Landings, 1921. 

22. Washington, George— Letters from His Excel¬ 

lency, George Washington, to Arthur Young, 
Esq., F. R. S., and Sir John Sinclair, Bart, 
M. P., containing an account of his opinion 
on various questions in Agriculture, many 
particulars of the rural economy of the United 
States. Published by Cotton and Stewart, 
Alexandria, Va., 1803. 

23. Wright. C. W.— Wool-Growing and the Tariff, 

Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V, 1910, 
Ch. II. 


46 


24. Anonymous— American Husbandry, London, 

1775. 

25. Statistical Atlas of the United States: Thir¬ 

teenth Census, 1910, Department of Com¬ 
merce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, 
1914, pp. 12-15. The distribution of popula¬ 
tion and the recession of the frontier by 
decennial periods from 1790 to 1810, inclu¬ 
sive. See also accompanying plates 3, 4, and 5. 

26. Thirteenth Census of the United States: Ab¬ 

stract of the Census, pp. 24, 25, 1913. This 
gives the population and rank of the various 
states from 1790-1910. 

27. For a list of references on agriculture published 

in the United States before 1815 see: Bid- 
well, P. W.: “Rural Economy in New Eng¬ 
land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth 
Century,’’ Transactions of the Connecticut 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, 
April, 1916, pp. 392-393. 

X. 

THE PUBLIC LANDS. 

1763-1820. 

1. Adams, H. B.— Maryland's Influence Upon Land 

Cessions to the United States, The Johns Hop¬ 
kins University Studies, Third Series, 1885, 
pp. 7-54. 

Washingtons Interest in Western Lands, The 
Johns Hopkins University Studies, Third 
Series, 1885, pp. 7-54. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 237-239. 

3. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1909, pp. 666- 
672. 

4. Colgrove, K. W.—“The Attitude of Congress 

Toward the Pioneers of the West,’’ The Iowa 
Journal of History and Politics, Vol. VIII, 
No. 1, 1910, pp. 3-129. 

47 


5. Donaldson, T.— The Public Domain, Washing¬ 

ton, 1884. See Table of Contents. 

6. Ford, Amelia C.— Colonial Precedents of Our 

National Land System as It Existed in 1800, 
Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 1908. 

7. Hart, A. B.—“The Disposition of Our Public 

Lands,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. I, January, 1887, pp. 169-183. Printed 
also in Carver's Selected Readings in Rural 
Economics, pp. 254-266. 

8. Hibbard, B. H.—“The Settlement of the Public 

Lands in the United States,” International 
Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. VII, 
January, 1916, pp. 96-117. A review of 
Federal land disposal rather than an account 
of the settlement of the public lands. 

9. Hill, R. T.— The Public Domain and Democracy, 

Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII, 
1910, No. 1, Ch. II. 

10. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. Ill, Ch. XVI. 

11. Pelzer, Louis—“The Public Domain as a Field 

for Historical Study,” The Iowa Journal of 
History and Politics, Vol. XII, 1914, pp. 
568-578. 

12. Sato, Shosuke— History of the Land Question in 

the United States, The Johns Hopkins Uni¬ 
versity Studies, Fourth Series, 1886, pp. 5-60; 
77-150. 

13. Treat, P. J.—“The Public Lands and the Pub¬ 

lic I,and Policy,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cy¬ 
clopedia of American Government, 1914, Vol. 
Ill, pp. 93-97. See also bibliography ap¬ 
pended to this article. 

The National Land System, 1785-1820. Espe¬ 
cially Chs. I, II, IV, V and XIV. For the 
Land Act of 1785, see pp. 395-400. 

14. Welling, J. C.—“The States’ Rights Conflict 

Over the Public Lands,” The Papers of The 

48 


American Historical Association, Vol. Ill, 
No. 2, 1889, pp. 411-432. 

15. American State Papers: Public Lands, 1785- 
1837. Eight Volumes. Exceedingly valu¬ 
able. 

XI. 

BEGINNINGS OF INTERNAL TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION. 

1783-1815. 

1. Bidwell, P. W.—“Rural Economy in New Eng¬ 

land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth 
Century,” Transactions of the Connecticut 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, 
April, 1916, pp. 251-293, 306-318. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 240-251. 

3. Carson, W. W.—“Transportation and Traffic on 

the Ohio and Mississippi Before the Steam¬ 
boat,” The Mississippi Historical Review, 
Vol. VII, No. 1, June, 1920, pp. 26-38. 

4. Coxe, Tench— View of the United States of 

America, 1787-179J/., Philadelphia, printed in 
London, 1794. See Table of Contents. 

5. Gallatin, Albert— Report on Roads and Canals, 

American State Papers: Miscellaneous. 

6. Gronert, Theodore G.—“Trade in the Blue 

Grass Region, 1810-1820,” The Mississippi 
Valley Historical Review, Vol. V, No. 3, De¬ 
cember, 1918, pp. 313-323. 

7. Hammond, M. B.—“The Cotton Industry,” Pub¬ 

lications of the American Economic Associa¬ 
tion, New Series, Part I, 1897, Ch. VIII. 

8. Hulbert, A. B.— Historic Highways of America. 

In sixteen volumes. See Index volume. 

9. Johnson, E. R.— History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 
Vol. I, pp. 202-212. 

10. Lindley, Harlow—“Western Travel, 1800-1820,” 
The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 
Vol. VI, No. 2, September, 1919, pp. 167-191. 

49 


11. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. Ill, Ch. XXII. 

12. Meyer, B. H.— History of Transportation in the 

United States Before 1860, 1917, Chs. I, II, 

III. 

13. Ogg, F. A.— The Opening of the Mississippi. 

14. Pelzer, Louis—“Economic Factors in the Acquisi¬ 

tion of Louisiana,” Proceedings of the Missis¬ 
sippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. VI, 
1912-1913, pp. 109-128. 

XII. 

FOREIGN COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. 

1783-1815. 

1. Adams, Henry— History of the United States. 

See Index to Volume IX. 

2. Babcock, K. C.— Rise of American Nationality, 

The American Nation, Vol. XIII, Ch. III. 

3. Bidwell,~Ifr~C.—“Rural Economy in New Eng¬ 

land at the Beginning of the Nineteenth 
Century,” Transactions of the Connecticut 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. XX, 
April, 1916, pp. 294-305. 

4. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. VIII. 

5. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, Ch. VI. 

6. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, pp. 239-260. 

7. Channing, Edward— History of the United 

States, Vol. IV, Chs. II, V, XIV, XIX, XX. 
The Jeffersonian System, The American Nation, 
Vol. XII, Chs. XIII, XV, XVI. 

8. Daniels, G. W.—“The American Cotton Trade 

With Liverpool Under the Embargo and 
Non-Intercourse Acts,” The American His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. XXI, No. 2, January, 
1916, pp. 276-287. 



9. Day, Clive— History of Commerce. Revised 
Edition of 1922, Chs. 45, 46, 47. 

10. Galpin, W. F.—“The American Grain Trade to 

the Spanish Peninsula,’’ The American His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, October, 
1922, pp. 24-44. 

11. Jennings, W. W.—“The American Embargo, 

1807-1809,” University of Iowa Studies, 
Studies in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 
December, 1921. 

12. Johnson, E. R.— History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, Vol. II, 

1915, Chs. XXII, XXIII. 

13. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. I, Ch. Ill; Vol. II, Ch. 
VIII; Vol. Ill, Chs. XVIII, XIX. 

14. Pitkins, Timothy— Statistical View of the Com¬ 

merce of the United States. Its Connections 
With Agriculture and Manufactures, New 
York, Second Edition, 1817. 

XIII. 

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF POPULATION. 

1815-1860. 

1. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. XII. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 

1916, Ch. XI. 

3. Callender, G. S. — Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, Ch. XII. 

4. Channing, Edward— A History of the United 

States, Vol. V, 1921, Ch. II. 

5. Clark. D. E.—“The Westward Movement in the 

Upper Mississippi Valley During the Fifties,” 
the Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley 
Historical Association, Vol. VII, 1913-1914, 
pp. 212-219. 

6. Coman, K.— Economic Beginnings of the Far 

West, 1912, 2 Vols. 

51 


7. Commons, J. R.— Documentary History of the 

American Industrial Society, Vol. II. See 
Table of Contents, under Migration, Frontier 
Settlement, Frontier Society. 

8. Faris, J. T.— On the Trail of the Pioneers, 1920. 

9. Faust, A. B.— The German Element in the 

United States, Vol. I, Chs. XII, XIII, XIV, 
XV. 

10. Flom, G. F.—“The Coming of the Norwegians 

to Iowa,” The Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics, Vol. Ill, pp. 347-383. 

“The Early Swedish Immigration to Iowa,” The 
Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. 
II, pp. 583-615. 

“The Danish Contingent in the Population of 
Early Iowa,” The Iowa Journal of History 
and Politics, Vol. IV, pp. 220-224. 

“The Growth of the Scandinavian Factor in the 
Population of Iowa,” The Iowa Journal of 
History and Politics, pp. 267-285. 

11. Fuller, George N.—“The Settlement of Michi¬ 

gan Territory,” The Mississippi Valley His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. II, No. 1, June, 1915, 
pp. 25-55. 

12. Garrison, G. P.— Westward Extension, The 

American Nation, Vol. XVII, Chs. I, II. 

13. Herriott, F.—“Whence Came the Pioneers to 

Iowa,” Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. 
VII, pp. 367-379, 446-465. 

14. Hibbard, B. H.— History of Agriculture in Dane 

County, Wisconsin, Bulletin of the University 
of Wisconsin, 1904, Part I, Ch. III. 

15. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. VII. 

16. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. IV, Ch. 33; Vol. VII, 
Ch. 75; Vol. VIII, Ch. 95. 

17. Newhall, J. B.— Glimpse of Iowa in 18J/.6, 1846. 

18. Ogg, F. A.— The Old Northwest, The Chronicles 


of America, Vol. XIX, 1919, Chs. VI, VII, 
XI. 

19. Orth, S. P.— Our Foreigners, The Chronicles of 

America, Vol. XXXV, 1920, Chs. I, II, III, 
VII. 

20. Pooley, W. V. —The Settlement of Illinois, 1830- 

1850, Bulletin of the University of Wisconsin, 
1908, especially Chs. Ill, IV, XI, XV. 

21. Rowland, Dunbar—-“The Mississippi Valley in 

American History,” The Proceedings of the 
Mississippi Valley Historical Association, Vol. 
IX, Part I, 1915-1916, pp. 59-74. 

22. Schafer, Joseph— Agriculture in Wisconsin, Wis¬ 

consin Domesday Book, General Studies, Vol. 
I, 1922, Chs. II, III. 

23. Semple, E. C.— American History and Its Geo¬ 

graphic Conditions, 1903, Ch. IX. 

24. Shambaugh, B. F. —“The History of the West 

and the Pioneers,” Proceedings of the State 
Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1910, pp. 
133-145. 

25. Skinner, C. L.— Pioneers of the Old Southwest, 

The Chronicles of America, Vol. XVIII, 1919, 
Chs. I, II, III. 

26. Sparks, E. E. — The Expansion of the American 

People, 1900. 

27. Turner, F. J.—“The Frontier in American De¬ 

velopment,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclo¬ 
pedia of American Government, Vol. II, pp. 
61-64. 

“The Colonization of the West, 1820-1830,” The 
American Historical Review, Vol. XI, No. 2, 
January, 1906, pp. 303-327. 

The Rise of the New West, The American Na¬ 
tion, Vol. XIV, Chs. V, VI, VIII. 

The Frontier in American History, 1920. See 
Topic III, Reference 5, for list of essays 
comprising the chapters of this book. 

28. Van der Zee, J.—“The Opening of the Des 

Moines Valley to Settlement,” The Iowa 

53 


Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XIV, 
pp. 479-558. 

The Hollanders of Iowa, The State Historical 
Society of Iowa, 1912. 

“The Coming of the Hollanders to Iowa,” The 
Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. 
IX, pp. 528-574. 

29. White, S. E.— The Forty-Niners, The Chronicles 

of America, Vol. XXV, 1918, Chs. II, V. 

30. Winsor, Justin— The Westward Movement, 1897. 

31. Woodson, C. G.— -A Century of Negro Migration, 

1918. 

32. Statistical Atlas of the United States, Thir¬ 

teenth Census, 1910, Department of Com¬ 
merce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, 
1914, pp. 16-19. The distribution of popula¬ 
tion and the recession of the frontier by 
decennial periods from 1820 to 1860, inclu¬ 
sive. See also accompanying plates Nos. 6, 
7, 8, 9 and 10. 

33. Thirteenth Census of the United States: Ab¬ 

stract of the Census, pp. 24, 24, 1913. This 
gives the population and rank of the various 
states from 1790-1910. 

XIV. 

THE PUBLIC LANDS. 

1820-1862. 

1. Ballagh, J. C.—“Introduction to Southern Eco¬ 

nomic History: The Land System,” Annual 
Report of the American Historical Associa¬ 
tion, 1897, pp. 101-129. 

“Southern Economic History: Tariff and Public 
Lands,” Annual Report of the American His¬ 
torical Association, 1898, pp. 223-263. 

2. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, pp. 256-261. 

3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. —Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 446-464. 

54 


4. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1909, pp. 673- 
692. 

5. Channing, Edward— A History of the United 

States, Vol. V, 1921, Ch. XV. 

6. Commons, J. R.—“Horace Greeley and the 

Working Class Origins of the Republican 
Party,” The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 
XXIV, pp. 468-488. 

Documentary History of American Industrial 
Society, Vol. VII, pp. 29-36, 285-364; Vol. 
VIII, pp. 21-78. 

7. Colgrove, K. W.—“The Attitude of Congress 

Toward the Pioneers of the West, 1820-1850,” 
The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, 
Vol. IX, 1911, pp. 196-302. 

8. Donaldson, Thomas— The Public Domain, Wash¬ 

ington, 1884. See Table of Contents. 

9. DuRois, J. F., and Mathews, G. S.— Galusha A. 

Grow: The Father of the Homestead Law, 
1917. 

10. Esarv, Logan— A History of Indiana, 1918, Vol. 

I, Ch. XV. 

11. Ford, W. C.—“Public Lands of the United 

States’” Lalor’s Cyclopedia of Political Sci¬ 
ence, Political Economy, and of the Political 
History of the United States, 1884, Vol. Ill, 
pp. 460-479. 

12. Haney, L. H.— A Congressional History of the 

Railways in the United States to 1850, Bulle¬ 
tin of the University of Wisconsin, 1908, Chs. 
XIV, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX. 

A Congressional History of Railways in the 
United States, 1850-1887, Bulletin of the 
University of Wisconsin, 1910, Chs. II. Ill, 
VI. 

13. Hart, A. B.—“The Disposition of Our Public 

Lands,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. I, January, 1887, pp. 169-183. Printed 

55 


also in Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural 
Economics, pp. 254-266. 

14. Hibbard, B. H.— History of Agriculture in Dane 

County, Wisconsin, Bulletin of the Univer¬ 
sity of Wisconsin, 1904, Part I, Ch. III. 
“The Settlement of the Public Lands in the 
United States,” International Review of Agri¬ 
cultural Economics, Vol. VII, January, 1916, 
pp. 96-117. A review of Federal land dis¬ 
posal rather than an account of the settle¬ 
ment of the public lands. 

15. Hill, R. T.— The Public Domain and Democracy, 

Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII, 
No. 1, 1910, Ch. II. 

16. Macy, Jesse— Institutional Beginnings in a 

Western State (Iowa), Johns Hopkins Uni¬ 
versity Studies, Vol. II, 1884, pp. 347-380. 

17. Middleton, T. J.—“Andrew Johnson and the 

Homestead Law,” The Sewanee Review, Vol. 
XV, July, 1907, pp. 316-320. 

18. Sanborn, J. B.— Congressional Grants of Land 

in Aid of Railways, Bulletin of the University 
of Wisconsin, 1899. Introduction and Chs. 
I, II, III, IV. 

“Political Aspects of Homestead Legislation,” 
American Historical Review, Vol. VI, pp. 
19-37. 

19. Sato, Shosuke— History of the Land Question 

in the United States, Johns Hopkins Univer¬ 
sity Studies, 1886, pp. 148-181. 

20. Sioussat, St. G. L.—“Andrew Johnson and the 

Early Phases of the Homestead Bill,” The 
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. V, 
No. 3, December, 1918, pp. 253-287. 

21. Shambaugh, B. F. —History of the Constitution 

of Iowa, pp. 30-65. 

“Frontier Land Clubs or Claim Associations,” 
Annual Report of the American Association, 
1900, Vol. I, pp. 69-84. 

56 


Constitution and Records of the Claim Associa¬ 
tion of Johnson County, Iowa. Published by 
the State Historical Society of Iowa, 1894. 

22. Stephenson, George M.— Political History of the 

Public Lands, 184-0-1862, 1917. 

23. Van der Zee, Jacob—“The Oldest Land Titles 

in Iowa,” The Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics, Vol. XIII, pp. 238-249. 

24. Welling, J. C.— The Land Politics of the United 

States, 1888. 

25. Wellington, R. G.— The Political and Sectional 

Influence of the Public Lands, 1828-184 
“The Tariff and the Public Lands from 1828- 
1843,” The Annual Report of the American 
Historical Association, 1911, Vol. I, pp. 179- 
185. 

26. Extended bibliographies on the public lands are 

given in Wellington, R. G. —The Political and 
Sectional Influences on the Public Lands, 
1828-184 t 2, pp. 119-125, and Stephenson, 
G. W. —The Political History of the Public 
Lands, 1840-1862, pp. 251-277. 

27. Annals of Congress. Index under Public Lands. 

28. Congressional Globe. Index under Public Lands. 

XV. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTHERN STATES: 
PIONEER FARMING. 

1815-1860. 

1. Bidwell, P. W.—“The Agricultural Revolution 

in New England,” The American Historical 
Review, Vol. XXVI, No. 4, July, 1921, pp. 
683-702. 

2. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, pp. 261-278. 

3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 464-484. 

4. Caird, James —Prairie Farming in America, 1859. 

Special attention given to prairie farming in 

57 



Illinois, with brief surveys of Wisconsin, 
Minnesota, and Iowa. 

5. Esary, Logan— A History of Indiana, 1919, Vol. 

II, Ch. XXVIII. 

6. Flint, C. L.—“Agriculture in the United States, 

1607-1860,” in Eighty Years’ Progress, Vol. 
I, 1861, pp. 19-102. 

7. Fuller, G. N.— Economic and Social Beginnings 

of Michigan, 1916. See Index under Agri¬ 
culture. 

8. Gue, B. F.— History of Iowa, Vol. I, Ch. XXX. 

9. Hibbard, B. H.— History of Agriculture in 

Dane County, Wisconsin, Bulletin of the 
University of Wisconsin, 1904, Part I, Clis. 
IV, V, VI. 

10. Lippincott, L.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. VIII. 

11. Pooley, W. V.— Settlement of Illinois, 1830-1850, 

Bulletin of University of Wisconsin, 1905, Ch. 
XIV. 

12. Robinson, E. V.— Economic History of Agri¬ 

culture in Minnesota, Studies in Social Science, 
No. 3, 1915, Ch. III. 

13. Sanford, A. H.— The Story of Agriculture in the 

United States, Chs. XII, XIII, XIV, XV. 

14. Schafer, Joseph— A History of Agriculture in 

Wisconsin, Wisconsin Domesday Book, Gen¬ 
eral Studies, Vol. I, 1922. 

15. Thompson, J. G.— Rise and Decline of the Wheat 

Growing Industry in Wisconsin, Bulletin of 
the University of Wisconsin, 1909, Part I, 
Ch. II; Part'll, pp. 112-116; 121-130, 159. 

16. Tudor, William— Letters on the Eastern States, 

1821, Letter IX on Agriculture, pp. 233-251. 

17. Turner, F. J.— Rise of the New West, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIV, Chs. II, III, VI. 

18. Wright, C. W.— Wool-Growing and the Tariff, 

Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V. Chs. Ill, 
IV, V. 


58 


19. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. 

Volume on Agriculture published in 1864. 
Introduction, pp. viii-cxxix. Exceedingly 
valuable for the following: Agricultural 

Implements, pp. viii-x; Cereals (wheat, corn, 
oats, rye, barley and buckwheat), pp. xi-lxxiv; 
Minor Crops (peas and beans, Irish potatoes, 
sweet potatoes), pp. lxxiv-lxxxii; Dairy 
Products, pp. lxxxii-lxxxvi; Wool, pp. lxxxvi- • 
lxxix; Flax, pp. lxxxix-xciii; Cotton, pp. xciii, 
xciv; Rice, pp. xcv, xciv; Hops, pp. xcv, xcvi; 
Tobacco, pp. xcvi-xcviii; Cane Sugar, Maple 
Sugar, Sorghum Molasses and Honey, pp. 
xcix-ci; Beet Sugar, pp. ci-cviii; Live stock 
(horses and mules, cattle, sheep and swine), 
pp. cix-cxxix. Study especially the distribu¬ 
tion of products according to geographic sec¬ 
tions, and note the growing differentiation be¬ 
tween northern agriculture under a system of 
small farms and free labor and southern agri¬ 
culture under a system of large plantations 
and slave labor. 

20. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 

1839-1862. The agricultural reports of the 
government were printed as a part of the 
reports of the Commissioner of Patents during 
this period. 

21. Annual Reports of the State Departments of 

Agriculture to 1860. For Iowa, see the Re¬ 
ports of The Iowa Agricultural Society from 
1854 to 1860. 

22. State Census Reports to 1860. For Iowa, see 

J. A. T. Hull’s Historical and Comparative 
Census of Iowa, 1836-1880. 

23. An English Settler in Pioneer Wisconsin: “The 

Letters of Edwin Bottomley, 1842-1850.” 
Edited by Milo M. Quaife, in Publications of 
the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 
Collections, Vol. XXV, 1918. 

59 


24. The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil. An Agri¬ 
cultural Journal published in Philadelphia 
from 1848 to 1857 (nine volumes). Continued 
under the name of the Farmer’s Magazine, 
from July, 1857. Valuable for a study of 
northern and southern agriculture in the 
fifties. 

XVI. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTHERN STATES: COTTON AND 

SLAVERY. 

• 1815-1860. 

1. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. XVIII. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 476-484, and Ch. XVII. 

3. Cairnes, J. E.— The Slave Power, 1862, Chs. II, 

III, IV, V. 

4. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1909, Ch. XV. 

5. De Bow, J. E. B.— The Industrial Resources of 

the Southern and Western States, 3 volumes, 
1852. See Table of Contents under appro¬ 
priate headings. Vol. Ill contains also a good 
index. See especially Vol. II, pp. 205-263, 
on Negro Slavery. 

6. Dodd, W. E.— The Cotton Kingdom, The Chron¬ 

icles of American Series, Vol. XXVII, 1919. 
See also “Bibliography,” pp. 147-153, of this 
volume. 

7. Flint, C. L.—“Agriculture in the United States,” 

Eighty Years’ Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 19- 
102. See Table of Contents, under appro¬ 
priate headings. 

8. Hammond, M. B.— The Cotton Industry Publi¬ 

cations of the American Economic Associa¬ 
tion, New Series, No. 1, 1897, Chs. II, III. 
Printed also in Carver’s: Selected Readings 

o 

in Rural Economics, pp. 267-301. 

60 


9. Hart, A. B.— Slavery and Abolition, The Ameri¬ 
can Nation, Vol. XVI, Chs. IV, V, VI, VII. 

10. Helper, H. R.— The Impending Crisis, 1860,.pp. 

11-122, 281-413. 

11. Ingle, Edward— Southern Sidelights. A Picture 

of Social and Economic Life in the South a 
Generation Before the Civil War, 1896. 

12. Jacobstein, M.— The Tobacco Industry in the 

United States, Columbia University Studies, 
Vol. XXVI, No. 3, 1907, Part I, Ch. II. 

13. Lippincott, I. —Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. VIII. 

14. McCay, C. F.—“Cotton Culture,” Eighty Years' 

Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 103-124. 

15. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. VII, Ch. 76. 

16. Olmsted, F. L.— Journeys and Explorations in 

the Cotton Kingdom, two volumes, London, 
1861. A traveler’s observations on cotton and 
slaverv in the American Slave States. These 
two volumes on journeys and investigations 
in the Southern States, by the same author. 

17. Page, T. N. —The Old South, 1892. 

18. Phillips, U. B.—“The Economic Cost of Slave 

Holding in the Cotton Belt,” The Political 
Science Quarterly, Vol. XX, June, 1905, pp. 
257-275. 

“The Origin and Growth of the Southern Black 
Belts,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 
XI, pp. 798-816. 

“The Economics of the Plantation,” The South 
Atlantic Quarterly, Vol. II, July, 1903, pp. 
231-236. 

“The Plantation as a Civilizing Factor,” The 
Sewanee Review, Vol. XII, July, 1904, pp. 
257-267. 

The Plantation and Frontier published in 1910 
as Volumes I and II of the Documentary 
History of the American Industrial Society. 

61 


19. Rhodes, J. F.— History of the United States, 

1850-1877, Vol. I, Ch. IV. 

20. Smedes, Susan D.— A Southern Planter. A re¬ 

view of social life in the Old South, 1887. 

21. Stone, A. H.—“Some Problems in Southern 

Economic History,” in The American Histori¬ 
cal Review, Vol. XIII, No. 4, July, 1908, pp. 
779-797. Exceedingly valuable study of 
slaverv as an economic institution. 

22. True, R. H.—“Early Days of the Albemarle 

Agricultural Society,” Annual Report of the 
American Historical Association, 1918, Vol. 
I, pp. 221-259. This report contains also the 
Minute Book of the Albemarle (Va.) Agri¬ 
cultural Society prepared for publication by 
the same author, pp. 263-349. 

23. Turner, F. J.—“The South, 1820-1830,” The 

American Historical Review, Vcl. XI, No. 3, 
April, 1906, pp. 559-573. 

The Rise of the New West, The American 
Nation, Vol. XIV, 1906, Ch. IV. 

24. Van Holst, H.— Constitutional History of the 

United States, Vol. Ill, Ch. XVII. 

25. The Plough, the Loom, and the Anvil. An Agri¬ 

cultural Journal published in Philadelphia 
from 1848 to 1857 (nine volumes). Con¬ 
tinued under the name of the Farmers' Maga¬ 
zine, from July, 1857. Valuable for a study 
of northern and southern agriculture in the 
fifties. 

26. The South in the Building of the Nation, Vol. V: 

Economic History, 1607-1865. Edited by J. 
C. Ballagh, pp. 1-274. 

27. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol¬ 

ume on Agriculture published in 1864. Intro¬ 
duction, pp. viii-cxxix. Exceedingly valuable 
for the following: Agricultural Implements, 
pp. viii-x; Cereals (wheat, corn, oats, rye, bar¬ 
ley and buckwheat), pp. xi-lxxiv; minor crops 

62 


(peas and beans, Irish potatoes, sweet pota¬ 
toes), pp. lxxiv-lxxxii; Dairy Products, pp. 
. lxxxii-lxxxvi; Wool, pp. lxxxvi-lxxxix; Flax, 
pp. lxxxix-xciii; Cotton, pp. xciii, xciv; Rice, 
pp. xciv, xcv; Hops, xcv, xcvi; Tobacco, pp. 
xcvi-xcviii; Cane sugar, Maple sugar, Sorg¬ 
hum molasses and Honey, pp. xcix-ci; Beet 
sugar, pp. ci-cviii; Live stock (horses, mules, 
cattle, sheep and swine), pp. cix-cxxix. Study 
especially the distribution of products accord¬ 
ing to geographic sections, and note the grow¬ 
ing differentiation between northern agricul¬ 
ture under a system of small farms and free 
labor and southern agriculture under a system 
of large plantations and slave labor. 

28. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Patents, 

1839 to 1862. The agricultural reports of 
the government were printed as a part of the 
reports of the Commissioner of Patents dur¬ 
ing this period. 

29. Annual Reports of the State Departments of 

Agriculture to 1860. 

30. State Census Reports to 1860. 

31. The American Farmer. Nearly all southern. 

XVII. 

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL TRADE AND 
TRANSPORTATION. 

1815-1860. 

1. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States. Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. XIII 
and pp. 220-228. See map opposite page 224, 
showing railroads, canals, stage lines, and 
Cumberland Road in 1850. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, Ch. XII. 

3. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Eco¬ 

nomic History of the United States, 1907, 
Ch. VIII. 


63 


4. Charming, Edward— History of the United 

States, Vol. V, 1921, Ch. I. 

5. Cleveland, F. A., and Powell, F. W.— Railroad 

Promotion and Capitalization in the United 
States, Chs. I to XV, inclusive. 

6. Cotterill, R. S.—“Southern Railroads and West¬ 

ern Trade, 1840-1850,” The Mississippi Val¬ 
ley Historical Review, Vol. Ill, No. 4, March, 
1917, pp. 427-441. 

7. Day, Clive— History of Commerce, Revised 

Edition of 1922, Ch. 48. 

8. Dunbar, Seymour— A History of Travel in 

America, four volumes, 1915. 

9. Esary, Logan— A History of Indiana, 1910, Vol. 

I, Chs. XI, XVI; Vol. II, Ch. XXV. 

10. Gephart, W. F. —Transportation and Industrial 

Development in the Middle West, The Colum¬ 
bia University Studies, Vol. XXXIV, No. 1, 
1909, Chs. I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII. 

11. Haney, L. H.— Congressional History of Rail¬ 

ways in the United States to 1850, Bulletin 
of University of Wisconsin, 1908. 

12. Hibbard, B. H.— History of Agriculture in 

Dane County, Wisconsin, Bulletin of the 
University of Wisconsin, 1904, Part I, Ch. 
VI, Section II, pp. 134-142. 

13. Hulbert, A. B.— Historic Highways, Vols. XIII, 

XIV. The Paths of Inland Commerce, The 
Chronicles of America, Vol. XXI. 

14. Johnson, E. R. —History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, Vol. I, 
pp. 212-223 and Ch. XIV. 

15. Kettell, T. P.—“Land Settlement: Internal 

Trade,” Eighty Years’ Progress, 1861, Vol. I, 
pp. 169-197. 

16. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, pp. 224-246; 247-264. 
Internal Trade of the United States, University 
of Washington Studies, Series IV, Vol. IV, 
pp. 63-150. 


64 


17. MacDonald^ W.— Jacksonian Democracy, The 

American Nation, Vol. XV, Ch. VIII. 

18. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. IV, Ch. 33; Vol. V, Ch. 
44. See maps opposite page 148, showing 
roads, canals, and steamboat routes in the 
United States in 1825; Vol. VII, Ch. 74. 

19. Merrick, G. B.— Old Times on the Upper 

Mississippi, 1909. The recollections of a 
Steamboat Pilot from 1854 to 1863. 

20. Meyer, B. H. —History of Transportation in the 

United States Before 1860. Washington 
1917, Chs. IV to XVII, inclusive. 

21. Phillips, U. B. —History of Transportation in 

the Eastern Cotton Belt to 1860. 

22. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Internal Grain Trade of 

the United States, 1850-1860,” The Iowa 
Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XVIII, 
No. 1, January, 1920, pp. 94-124. 

23. Smith, T. C. —Parties and Slavery, The Ameri¬ 

can Nation, Vol. XVIII, Ch. V. 

24. Ripley, W. Z.— Railroads: Rates and Regula¬ 

tions, Ch. I. 

25. Robinson, E. V.—“Economic History of Agri¬ 

culture in Minnesota,” Minnesota Studies in 
the Social Sciences, No. 3, 1915, Ch. II. 

26. Turner, F. J. —Rise of the New - West, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIV, Chs. VII and 
XIII. 

27. Van der Zee, J.—“Roads and Highways of 

Territorial Iowa,” The Iowa Journal of His¬ 
tory and Politics, Vol. Ill, 1905, pp. 175- 
225. 

28. Van Metre, T. W.— Economic History of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. XIV and pp. 356- 
365. 

29. Way, R. B.—“The Mississippi Valley and In¬ 

ternal Improvements, 1825-1840,” Proceed¬ 
ings of the Mississippi Valley Historical 
Association, Vol. IV, 1910-1911, pp. 153-180. 

65 


30. Report on the Internal Commerce of the United 

States. Bureau of Statistics, Treasury De¬ 
partment, Washington, 1887, pp. 178-223. A 
review of river commerce to 1860. 

31. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol¬ 

ume on Agriculture, Introduction, pp cxxix- 
cxxxiv, cxliv-clxix. 

32. Niles Register. Seventy-five volumes, 1812- 

1849. See Table of Contents to each volume. 

XVIII. 

AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO CURRENCY 
AND BANKING. 

1816-1860. 

1. Bogart, E. L .—Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. XV. 

2. Bogart E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, Ch. XV. 

3. Babcock, K.— Rise of American Nationality, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIII, Ch. XIII. 

4. Callender, G. S. —Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1907, Ch. II. 

5. Catterall, R. C.— Second Bank of the United 

States, 1902, pp. 33-35, 51-57, 61-67, 83-84, 
89-91, 95-99, 101, 114-117, 130-131, 137-163, 
167-169, 175, 183-185, 194, 235, 239-240, 289, 
296, 316-317, 329-331, 347-348, 363-364. 

6. Channing, Edward— History of the United 

States, 1921, Ch. XIV. 

7. Dewey, D. R.— Financial History of the United 

States, Eighth Edition, Revised 1922, pp. 
143-161, 165-171, 197-237, 239-247, 252-262, 
267-270. 

8. Esarv, Logan— A History of Indiana, 1918, Vol. 

i/ch. XVII. 

9. Garrison, G. P.— Westward Extension, The 

American Nation, Vol. XVII, Ch. XII. 

10. Hart, A. B.— Slavery and Abolition, The Ameri¬ 
can Nation, Vol. XVI, Ch. XX. 

66 


11. Holdsworth, J. T., and Dewey, D. R.— The 

First and Second Banks of the United States, 
1910. Report of the National Monetary 
Commission. 

12. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, pp. 217-226. 

13. MacDonald, William— Jacksonian Democracy, 

The American Nation, Vol. XV, Chs. VII, 
XIII and pp. 285-291. 

14. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. Ill, pp. 379-390; IV, 
235-239; 286-318, 484-510; V, 161-165, 413; 
VI, 1-10, 131-141, 146, 183-219, 308-310, 
321-324, 337-340, 356-358, 378, 389-419, 530- 
547, 634-630; VII, 1-33, 42-49; VIII, 283- 
302. 

15. Smith, T. C.— Parties and Slavery, The Ameri¬ 

can Nation, Vol. XVIII, Ch. XIII. 

16. Turner, F. J.— Rise of the New West, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIV, Ch. IX. 

17. Niles Register. Seventy-five volumes, 1812- 

1849. See Table of Contents to each volume. 

XIX. 

FOREIGN COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. 

1815-1860. 

1. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, pp. 214-219. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, Ch. XIII. 

3. Day, Clive— History of Commerce, Revised 

Edition of 1922, Chs. 49, 50. 

4. De Bow, J. D. B.— Industrial Resources of the 

Southern and Western States, three volumes, 
1852-1853. See Table of Contents to each 
volume under appropriate headings. Also 
Index to Volume III. 

Review. Forty volumes, 1846-1870. 

67 



5. Depew, C. M. —One Hundred Years of Ameri¬ 

can Commerce, two volumes, 1895. 

6. Hammond, M. B.— The Cotton Industry, Publi¬ 

cations of the American Economic Association, 
New Series, No. 1, 1897, Chs. IX and X. 

7. Johnson, E. R.— History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 
Vol. II, Ch. XXIV. See also pp. 356-359, 
363-369, and 376-381 for Bibliography on the 
foreign commerce of the United States from 
1789 to 1914. 

8. Kettell, T. P.—“Commerce of the United States,” 

Eighty Years’ Progress, 1861, Vol. I, pp. 144- 
168. 

9. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, pp. 264-271. 

10. Marvin, W. L.— The American Merchant 

Marine. 

11. Meeker, Royal—“History of Shipping Sub¬ 

sidies,” Publications of the American Eco¬ 
nomic Association, Third Series, Vol. VI, 
1905, No. 3, pp. 150-157. 

12. Pitkin, Timothy— A Statistical View of the 

Commerce of the United States of America, 
Second Edition, 1835. 

13. Shaler, N. S.— The United States of America, 

Vol. I, pp. 536-558. 

14. Sterns, W. P.—“The Foreign Trade of the 

United States, 1820-1840,” The Journal of 
Political Economy, Vol. VIII, 1900, pp. 34- 
57, 452-490. 

15. Turner, F. J. —The Rise of the New West, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIV, pp. 294-298. 

16. Van Metre, T. W.— Economic History of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. XIV, also pp. 286- 
299; 356-365. 

17. Webster, W. C.— A General History of Com¬ 

merce, 1903, pp. 355-387. 

68 


18. Commerce of the United States with European 

Countries, 1790-1890. Bureau of Statistics, 
Treasury Department, 1893, pp. ix-lx. 

19. Imports and Exports of the United States. 

Senate Report No. 259, Fifty-third Congress, 
Second Session, Part II, pp. 8-60. 

20. Statistical Abstract of the United States. See 

Index for imports and exports. 

21. Eighth Census of the United States. Volume 

on Agriculture, Introduction, pp. cxxxvi-cliv. 

22. Hunt’s Merchants’ Magazine and Commercial 

Review. 

23. Niles Register. Seventy-five volumes, 1811- 

1849. See Table of Contents to each volume. 

24. Annual Report on the Foreign Commerce and 

Navigation of the United States. Annual 
since 1820. Prepared from 1820 to 1866 in 
office of the Register of the Treasury. 

XX. 

AGRICULTURE IN RELATION TO THE TARIFF. 

1816-1860. 

1 . Babcock, K.— Rise of American Nationality, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIII, Ch. XIV. 

2. Bogart, E. L. —Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, pp. 173-175, 
185-187. 

3. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, Ch. X. 

4. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, pp. 487-490, 
498-503, 552-563. 

5. Conger, John L.—“South Carolina and the Early 

Tariffs,” The Mississippi Valley Historical 
Review, Vol. V, No. 4, March, 1919, pp. 415- 
433. 

6. Dewey, D. R.— Financial History of the United 

States, Fourth Edition, Revised 1912, pp. 161- 
165, 172-196, 237-239, 248-252, 262-267. 

69 


7. Garrison, G. P.— Westward Extension, The 

American Nation, Vol. XVII, Ch. XII. 

8. McMastqr, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. IV, pp. 319-340; V, Ch. 
46; VI, pp. 134-138, 167-169; VII, 58-66. 

9. MacDonald, William— Jacksonian Democracy, 

The American Nation, Vol. XV, Chs. V and 

IX. 

10. Rhodes, J. F.— History of the United States, 

Vol. Ill, pp. 27-60. 

11. Stanwood, E.— American Tariff Controversies in 

the Nineteenth Century, Vol. I, pp. 136-157, 
166-290, 349-410; II, 14-37, 38-82. 

12. Taussig, F. W. —Tariff History of the United 

States, Part I, Chs. I, II and III. 

State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff, 1893, 
pp. 252-385. 

Selected Readings in International Trade and 
Tariff Problems, 1922, pp. 480-527. 

13. Turner, F. J.— Rise of the New West, The 

American Nation, Vol. XIV, pp. 43-147, 236- 
244, 314-332. 

14. Wright, C. W.— Wool-Growing and the Tariff. 

Harvard Economic Studies, Vol. V. See Index 
under Tariff. 

15. Annals of Congress. See debates on tariff acts 

of this period. 

16. Congressional Debates. See debates on tariff 

acts of this period. 

17. Niles Register —Seventy-five volumes, 1811-1849. 

See Table of Contents to volumes dealing with 
the principal tariff bills of the period. Es¬ 
pecially Volumes XXV and XXVI on the 
Tariff of 1824. 

18. Tariff Acts from 1789 to 1909. —Sixty-first Con¬ 

gress, Second Session, Document No. 671, 
1909. See Table of Contents. 


70 


XXI. 

PIONEER LIFE AND IDEALS. 

1830-1860. 

1. Adams, E. D.— The Power of Ideals in Ameri¬ 

can History. 

2. Aurner, C. R.— Iowa Stories, Book I, 1917; Book 

II, 1918; Book III. 

3. Baird, E. T.—“Reminiscences of Life in Terri¬ 

torial Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Col¬ 
lections, Vol. XV, pp. 205-263. 

4. Brigham, Johnson—“Frontier Life in Iowa in 

the Forties,” The Magazine of History, Vol. 
XVIII, pp. 23-28. 

5. Brunson, Alfred—“A Methodist Circuit Rider’s 

Horseback Tour from Pennsylvania to Wis¬ 
consin, 1835,” Wisconsin Historical Collec¬ 
tions, Vol. XV, pp. 264-291. 

6. Brunson, Mrs. C. C.—“Sketch of Pioneer Life 

Among the Indians,” Michigan Pioneer and 
Historical Collections, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 161- 
163. 

7. Buck, S. J,—“Some Materials for the Social 

History of the Mississippi Valley in the Nine¬ 
teenth Century,” Proceedings of the Mis¬ 
sissippi, Valley Historical Association, Vol. 
IV, 1910-1911, pp. 139-151. 

8. Callender, G. S.— Selections from the Economic 

History of the United States, 1907, pp. 617- 
665. 

9. Carr, C. D.— -The Illini: A Story of the Prairies, 

1904. 

10. Cole, F. E.—“Pioneer Life in Kansas,” Kansas 

Historical Society Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 
353-358. 

11. Coman, Katherine— Economic Beginnings of the 

Far West, Vol. II, Ch. II. 

12. Coe, E. D.—“Rock River Pioneering,” Wiscon¬ 

sin Historical Society Proceedings, 1907, pp. 
189 and following. 

71 


13. Commons, J. R.— Documentary History of 

American Industrial Society, Vol. VII, Intro¬ 
duction. 

14. Coolbaugh, F. C.—“Reminiscences of the Early 

Days of Minnesota, 1851-1861,” Minnesota 
Historical Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 479-496. 

15. Douglass, F. O.— The Pilgrims of Iowa, 1911, 

Chs. I to VII. 

16. Duffield, G. C.—“An Iowa Settler’s Homestead,” 

The Annals of Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VI, 
1903-1905, pp. 206-215. 

“Frontier Church Going, 1837,” The Annals of 
Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VI, 1903-1905, pp. 
206-275. 

“Youthtime in Frontier Iowa,” The Annals of 
Iowa, Third Series, Vol. VII, 1905-1907, pp. 
347-360. 

17. Dunbar, S.— History of Travel in America, four 

volumes. 

18. Esarv, Logan— A History of Indiana, 1918, Vol. 

I, Ch. XVIII; Vol. II, Chs. XXII, XXIV. 
“Pioneers of Morgan County,” Indiana Historical 
Society Publications, Vol. V, No. 5. 

“The Literary Spirit Among the Early Ohio Val¬ 
ley Settlers,” The Mississippi Valley Histori¬ 
cal Review, Vol. V, No. 2, September, 1918, 
pp. 143-157. 

19. Flagg, Gersliom—“Pioneer Letters,” Illinois 

State Historical Society Transactions, 1910, 
pp. 139-183. 

20. Fuller, J. N. —Economic and Social Beginnings 

of Michigan, 1916, pp. 482-488. See also 
Bibliography on Pioneer Life, pp. 572, 573. 

21. Funk, A. B.—“Northwest Iowa Since the Early 

Days,” Wallace’s Farmer, Vol. 43, No. 51, 
December 20, 1918. 

22. Garland, Hamlin — A Son of the Middle Border, 

1917. A Daughter of the Middle Border, 
1921. 


72 


23. Gue, B. F.— History of Iowa, 1903, Vol. I, Ch. 

XXX. 

24. Hart, A. B.— American History as Told by Con¬ 

temporaries, Vol. Ill, pp. 463-467, 520-523. 

25. Ingham, W. H.—“Hardships of Pioneers in 

Northwestern Iowa,” The Annals of Iowa, 
Third Series, Vol. V, 1901-1913, pp. 135-142. 

26. Johnson, C. B.—“Every Day Life in Illinois 

Near the Middle of the Nineteenth Century,” 
Illinois State Historical Transactions, 1912, 
pp. 44-53. 

27. Lacher, J. H. A.—“Taverns and Stages of Early 

Wisconsin,” Wisconsin Historical Society 
Proceedings, 1914, pp. 118-167. 

28. Laut, A. C.—“Pioneer Women of the West,” 

Outing, Vol. 51, pp. 686-698; Vol. 52, pp. 
271-286, 413-423. 

29. McCormack, T. J. (Editor)— Memoirs of Gustav 

Koerner. 

30. McMaster, J. B.— History of the People of the 

United States, Vol. VII, Ch. 75. 

31. Mathews, L. K.— Expansion of New England, 

Chs. VII, VIII, IX. 

32. Norton, J. M.—“Early Schools and Pioneer 

Life,” Michigan Pioneer and Historical Col¬ 
lections, Vol. XXVIII, pp. 107-110. 

33. Palmer, S. M.—“Western Wisconsin in 1836,” 

Wisconsin Historical Collections, Vol. VI, pp. 
297-307. 

34. Pooley, W. V.— The Settlement of Illinois from 

1830 to 1850, Bulletin of the University of 
Wisconsin, 1908, Chs. I, XIV. 

35. Quick, Herbert— Vandermark’s Folly, 1921. 

36. Rodolf, Theodore—“Pioneering in the Wisconsin 

Lead Region, 1834-1848,” Wisconsin Histori¬ 
cal Collections, Vol. XV, pp 338-389. 

37. Schafer, Joseph—“Agriculture in Wisconsin,” 

Wisconsin Domesday Booh, General Studies, 
Vol. I, 1922, Ch. IV. 

73 


38. Schouler, James— History of the United States, 

Vol. Ill, pp. 507-531; IV, 1-31. 

39. Shaw, A. H.— Story of a Pioneer, 1905, Ch. II. 

40. Sparks, E. E.— Expansion of the American Peo¬ 

ple, pp. 238-248. 

41. Thompson, O. C.—“Observations and Experi¬ 

ences in Michigan Forty Years Ago,” Michi¬ 
gan Pioneer and Historical Collections, Vol. 
I, pp. 395-402. 

42. Thwaites, R. G.— Wisconsin in Three Centuries, 

1906, Vol. II, Ch. XI. 

43. Todd, John —Early Settlement and Growth of 

Western Iowa, 1906. 

44. Turner, F. J.— The Frontier in American His¬ 

tory, 1920, Chs. X, XI, XIII. 

45. Vogel, W. F.—“Home Life in Early Indiana,” 

Indiana Magazine of History, Vol. X, pp. 1- 
29, 284-320. 

46. Walker, T. B.—“Memories of the Early Life and 

Development of Minnesota,” Minnesota His¬ 
torical Society Collections, Vol. XV, pp. 455- 
478. 

47. Whitney, A. B.—“Some Western Border Con¬ 

ditions in the 50’s and 60’s,” Kansas Histori¬ 
cal Society Collections, Vol. XII, pp. 1-10. 

48. Wilkinson, W. S.—“A Pioneer Settlement in 

Madison County,” The Annals of Iowa, Third 
Series, Vol. VI, 1903-1905, pp. 447-454. 

49. “An English Settler in Pioneer Wisconsin: The 

Letters of Edwin Bottomley, 1842-1852.” 
Edited by M. M. Quaife. Publications of the 
State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Vol. 
XXV, 1918. 


74 


Part III. 

THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION AND THE 
OPENING OF THE FAR WEST. 

1860-1914. 


XXII. 

THE ECONOMIC REVOLUTION. 

1860-1914. 

1. Ballagh, J. C. (Editor )—The South in the 

Building of the Nation, 1909, Vol. VI: “Eco¬ 
nomic History, 1865-1910.” 

2. Beard, C. A.— Contemporary American History, 

1877-1913, 1914, Chs. II, III, IV, IX. 

3. Bogart, E. L. — Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, Chs. XIX, 
XX, XXI, XXII, XXIII, XXIV. 

4. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. — Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, Chs. XVIII, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII, 
XXIII. 

5. Carver, T. N.—“Historical Sketch of American 

Agriculture,” Bailey’s Cyclopedia of Ameri¬ 
can Agriculture, Vol. IV, 1909, pp. 64-70. 
Rural Economics, 1911, pp. 92-116. 

6. Coman, Katherine— Industrial History of the 

United States, Revised Edition of 1910, Chs. 

IX, X, XI. 

7. Coulter, J. L.—“Agricultural Development in 

the United States, 1900-1910,” The Quarterly 
Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVII, pp. 1-26. 
Reprinted in Carver’s Selected Readings in 
Rural Economics, pp. 317-336. 

“Industrial History of the Valley of the Red 
River of the North,” Publications of the State 
Historical Society of North Dakota, Vol. Ill, 
pp. 116-142. 

8. Dewey, D. R.— National Problems, The Ameri¬ 

can Nation, Vol. XXIV, 1907, Chs. I, III, IV, 
V, VI, XII, XIV, XVI, XVII, XVIII. 

75 



9. Dunning, W. A.— Reconstruction: Political and 
Economic, The American Nation, Vol. XXII, 
1907, Ch. IX. 

10. Haworth, P. L.— The United States in Our Own 

Times, 1865-1920, 1920, especially Ch. X. 

11. Johnson, E. R.— History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 
Vol. I, Ch. XV. 

12. Latane, J. H.— America as a World Power, The 

American Nation, Vol. XXV, 1907, Chs. 
XVII, XVIII. 

13. Lingley, C. R.— Since the Civil War, 1920, Chs. 

Ill, IX, XI, XIV, XXII. 

14. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Chs. XII, XIII, XIV, 
XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX, XXI, XXII. 

15. Merriam, C. E.— American Political Ideas, 1865- 

1917, 1920, Ch. I. 

16. Ogg, F. A.— National Progress, The American 

Nation, Vol. XXVII, 1918, Chs. II, III, IV, 
V, VI, VII. 

17. Paxson, F. L.— Recent History of the United 

States, 1921. 

18. Robinson, E. V.—“Economic History of Agri¬ 

culture in Minnesota,” Minnesota Studies in 
Social Science, No. 3, 1915, Ch. VI. 

“Changes in Minnesota Agriculture,” Bulletin of 
the American Statistical Association, 1910. 

19. Sanford, A. H.— The Story of Agriculture in 

the United States, 1915, Chs. XVII to XXIX, 
inclusive. 

20. Schlesinger, A. M.— New Viewpoints in Ameri¬ 

can History, 1922, Ch. XI. 

“The Problem of Teaching Recent American 
History,” The Historical Outlook, Vol. XI, 
No. 9, December, 1920, pp. 352-355. 

21. Schmidt, L. B.—“Some Significant Aspects of 

the Agrarian Revolution in the United States,” 
The Iowa Journal of History and Politics, Vol. 
XVIII, No. 3, July, 1920, pp. 371-395. 

76 


22. Sparks, E. E.— National Development, The 

American Nation, Vol. XXIII, 1907, Chs. II, 
III, IV, V, XV, XVIII. 

23. Trimble, W. J.—“Historical Aspects of the Sur¬ 

plus Food Production of the United States, 
1862-1902,” Annual Report of the American 
Historical Association, 1918, Vol. I, pp. 221- 
239. 

24. Van Metre, T. W.— Economic History of the 

United States, 1921, Chs. XXI, XXII, XXIII, 
XXIV, XXV, XXVI. 

25. Wells, D. A.— Recent Economic Changes, 1889. 

26. Wright, C. D.— Industrial Evolution of the 

United States, 1897, Chs. XIII, XIV, XXVII, 
XXVIII, XXIX. 

27. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition, Vol. 

I, pp. 414-421; Vol. XXVII, pp. 711-735. 

28. Report of the Industrial Commission, 19 volumes; 

Washington, 1900-1902. An encyclopedia of 
information on the economic transformation of 
the United States since the Civil War. See 
especially Vol. XIX: Final Report of the 
Industrial Commission. 

29. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol¬ 

ume on Agriculture, pp. clxiv-clxix: “Influence 
of Railroads on Agriculture.” 

30. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. 

V, Part I, pp. xvi-xxxvii: “Agricultural 
Progress of Fifty Years.” 

XXIII. 

THE WESTWARD MOVEMENT OF POPULATION AND 

IMMIGRATION. 

1860-1914. 

1. Fairchild, H. P.— Immigration, 1913, Chs. V, 

VI, VII, IX. 

2. Faust, A. B.— The German Element in the 

United States, 1909, Vol. II, Chs. I, II. 


3. Fleming, W. L.—“Immigration to the United 

States,” The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 
XX, 1905, No. 2, pp. 276-297. 

4. Hall, P. F.— Immigration, 1906, Ch. I. 

5. Hart, A. B.— National Ideals Historically 

Traced, The American Nation, 1907, Vol. 
XXVI, 1907, Ch. III. 

6. Jenks, J. W. and Lauck, W. J.— The Immigra¬ 

tion Problem, 1913, Ch. VI. 

7. Latane, J. H.— America as a World Power, The 

American Nation, Vol. XXVII, 1907, Ch. VII. 

8. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. XIV. 

9. Mayo-Smith, Richard— Emigration and Immi¬ 

gration, 1890. The best scientific discussion 
of the economic aspects of immigration. See 
especially Ch. IV. 

10. Orth, S. P.— Our Foreigners, The Chronicles of 

America, Vol. XXXV, 1920, especially Chs. 
VI, VII. 

11. Porter, R. P.— The West from the Census of 

1880, 1882. A useful compendium. 

12. Sparks, E. E.— National Development, The 

American Nation, Vol. XXIII, 1907, Ch. II. 

13. Wilcox, Walter F.—“Density and Distribution 

of Population in the United States at the 
Eleventh Census,” Economic Studies, Vol. II, 
No. 6, December, 1897, pp. 385-450. 

14. Report of the Industrial Commission, 1901-1902, 

Vol. XV: “Immigration and Education.” See 
Table of Contents. Also Vol. XIX: “Final 
Report of the Industrial Commission.” See 
Table of Contents. 

15. Report of the Immigration Commission, Senate 

Document, No. 756, 61st Congress, 3d Session, 
Distribution of Immigrants. 

16. “Immigration into the United States, Showing 

the Number, Nationality, Sex, Age, Occupa¬ 
tion, Destination, etc., from 1820 to 1903,” 

78 


Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance 
for June, 1908, pp. 4335-4444. 

17. Compendium of the Eleventh Census, Population, 

Part I, “Progress of the Nation,” pp. xxxv-lx. 

18 . Thirteenth Census of the United States, Popula¬ 

tion, Vol. I, pp. 38, 39, 41, 42, 45-55, 74-83. 

19. United States Census Reports for 1860, 1870, 

1880, 1890, 1900, 1910. Consult volumes on 
Population. See Tables of Contents under 
appropriate headings. 

20. Statistical Atlas of the United States, 1914. De¬ 

partment of Commerce, Bureau of Census, 
Washington, 1914, pp. 19-23. The distribu¬ 
tion of population and the recession of the 
frontier by decennial periods from 1860 to 
1910, inclusive. See also accompanying plates 
10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. 

XXIV. 

THE DISPOSAL AND SETTLEMENT OF THE PUBLIC LANDS. 

1860-1914. 

1. Best, E. F.—“The Utilization of the Vacant Pub¬ 

lic Lands,” The National Geographic Maga¬ 
zine, Vol. VIII, 1897, pp. 49-57. 

2. Beard, C. A.— American Government and Poli¬ 

tics, 1920, pp. 401-405. 

3. Bien, M.—“Public Lands of the United States,” 

The North American Review, Vol. 192, Sep¬ 
tember, 1910, pp. 387-402. 

4. Commons, J. R.— Documentary History of 

American Industrial Society, Vol. IX, pp. 46- 
51. 

5. Donaldson, T.— The Public Domain, Washing¬ 

ton, 1884. See Table of Contents. 

6. Haney, L. H.— A Congressional History of Rail¬ 

ways in the United States, 1850-1887, Bul¬ 
letin of the University of Wisconsin, 1910, 
Book I, Chs. II, III. 

7. Hart, A. B.—“The Disposition of Our Public 

Lands,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 

79 


Vol. I, January, 1887, pp. 169-193. Printed 
also in Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural 
Economics, pp. 254-266. 

8. Hibbard, B. H.—“The Settlement of the Public 

Lands in the United States,” International 
Review of Agricultural Economics, Vol. VII, 
January, 1916, pp. 96-117. A review of 
federal land disposal rather than an account 
of the settlement of the public lands. 

9. Hill, R. T.— The Public Domain and Democracy, 

Columbia University Studies, Vol. XXXVIII, 
1910, Chs. VII, VIII, IX. See also General 
Bibliography, pp. 241-249. 

10. Ise, John—“A Chapter in the Early History of 

the United States Forest Policy,” in The Ames 
Forester. Published by the Iowa State Col¬ 
lege, Vol. Ill, 1915, pp. 33-66. 

The United States Forest Policy, 1920. 

11. Meyer, H. H. B.— Select List of References on 

the Public Lands of the United States. Di¬ 
vision of Bibliography, Library of Congress, 
Washington. 

12. Puter, S. A. D. — Looters of the Public Domain, 

1908. See Table of Contents, pp. 492-495. 

13. Sanborn, J. B.— Congressional Grants of Land 

in Aid of Railways, Bulletin of the University 
of Wisconsin, 1899, Chs. V, VI, VII, VIII. 
See Appendix A: “The Use of Railroad 
Lands by States and Corporations,” also 
Appendix B: “Bibliography.” 

14. Treat, P. J.—“The Public Lands and the Public 

Land Policy,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclo¬ 
pedia of American Government, 1914, Vol. 
Ill, pp. 93-97. See also Bibliography ap¬ 
pended to this article. 

15. Trimble, W. J.—“The Influence of the Passing 

of the Public Lands,” The Atlantic Monthly, 
Vol. 113, June, 1914, pp. 755, 767. 

80 


16. West, Max—“The Public Domain of the United 

States,” Yearbook of the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, 1898, pp. 325-354. 

17. “The Public Domain,” Annual Report of the 

Commissioner of Agriculture, 1868, pp. 454- 

471. 

18. Land Laws of the United States, two volumes, 

Washington, 1884. 

19. American Yearbook, 1910, and succeeding years 

to date. 

20. Annual Report of the Commissioner of the 

General Land Office. See especially Reports 
for 1904, pp. 51-57, and 1905, pp. 42-52, for 
“Partial Report of the Public Lands Com¬ 
mission.” 

21. Report of the Public Lands Commission, 1905. 

Senate Document No. 189, Fifty-eighth Con¬ 
gress, Third Session, 1904-1905. 

22. Report of the National Conservation Commission, 

1909. 

23. Congressional Globe. See Index under “Public 

Lands.” 

24. Congressional Record. See Index volumes under 

“Public Lands.” 


XXV. 

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY. 

1860-1914. 

1. Casson, H. N .—The Romance of the Reaper, 

1908. Cyrus Hall McCormick: His Life and 
Work, 1909. 

2. Dunlap, M. L.—“Agricultural Machinery,” Re¬ 

port of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 
Washington, 1863, pp. 416-435. 

3. Hendrick, B. J .—The Age of Big Business, The 

Chronicles of American Series, Vol. XXXIX, 
1919, Ch. VI: “Making the World’s Agri¬ 
cultural Machinery.” 

81 


4. Quaintance, H. W.—“The Influence of Ma¬ 

chinery on the Economic and Social Condi¬ 
tions of the Agricultural People,” Bailey’s 
Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, 
1909, pp. 108-113 

“The Influence of Farm Machinery on Produc¬ 
tion and Labor,” Publications of the American 
Economic Association, Third Series, Vol. V, 
No. 4, November, 1904, pp. 1-103. Reprinted 
with omissions in Carver’s Selected Readings 
in Rural Economics, pp. 32-100. 

5. Sanford, A. H .—The Story of Agriculture in the 

United States, 1915, Ch. XXI. 

6. Thomas, J. J.—“Farm Implements and Ma¬ 

chinery,” Report of the Commissioner of Agri¬ 
culture, Washington, 1862, pp. 410-423. 

7. Thornton, W. B.—“Revolution by Farm Ma¬ 

chinery,” The World’s Work, Vol. VI, pp. 
3766-3779. 

8. Thwaites, R. G.—“Cyrus Hall McCormick and 

the Reaper,” Proceedings of the State His¬ 
torical Society of Wisconsin, 1908, pp. 234- 
259. 

9. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol¬ 

ume on Agriculture, pp. xi-xxix. 

10. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. 

V, pp. xxix-xxxi. 

11. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, 

Vol. V, Ch. I: “Farms and Farm Property.” 
See Tables showing value and distribution of 
farm implements and machinery by geo¬ 
graphic divisions and by States composing 
each division. 


XXVI. 

THE GRAIN GROWING AND FLOUR MILLING 
INDUSTRIES. 


1860-1914. 

1. Blodgett, J. H .—Relation of Population and 
Food Products in the United States, 1850- 

82 


1900, United States Department of Agricul¬ 
ture, Division of Statistics, Bulletin No. 24. 

2. Brooks, E. C.— l 1 he Story of Corn in the West¬ 

ward Migration, 1916. 

3. Brewer, W. H.—“Report on the Cereal Produc¬ 

tion of the United States,” Tenth Census of 
the United States, 1880, Vol. III. 

4. Dondlinger, P. T.— The Booh of Wheat, 1916. 

An economic history and practical manual of 
the wheat industry. 

5. Edgar, W. C.— The Story of a Grain of Wheat, 

1903. 

6. Hibbard, B. H.— History of Agriculture in Dane 

County, Wisconsin, Bulletin of the University 
of Wisconsin, 1904, Part II, Ch. VI, Section 
I. 

7. Robinson, E. V.— Economic History of Agri¬ 

culture in Minnesota, University of Minnesota 
Social Science Studies, No. 3, 1915, Chs. IV, 
V, VI. See Table of Contents for references 
to wheat, corn and other cereals. 

8. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Westward Movement of 

the Wheat Growing Industry in the United 
States,” The Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics, Vol. XVIII, No. 3, 1920, pp. 396- 
412. 

“The Westward Movement of the Corn Growing 
Industry in the United States,” The Iowa 
Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XXI, 
No. 1, 1923, pp. 112-141. 

“The Internal Grain Trade of the United States, 
1860-1890,” The Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics, Vol. XIX, No. 2, 1921, pp. 196-245. 
A study of the geographic distribution of 
grain production in the United States during 
this period. 

9. Smith, J. R.— Industrial and Commercial Geog¬ 

raphy, Ch. Ill on “The Cereals.” 

The World's Food Resources, 1919, Chs. I, II, 
III, IV, V. 


83 


10. Thompson, C. W.—“The Movement of Wheat 

Growing,” The Quarterly Journal of Eco¬ 
nomics, Vol. XVIII, 1904, pp. 570-584). 

11. Thompson, J. G.— The Rise and Decline of the 

Wheat Growing Industry in Wisconsin, Bul¬ 
letin of the University of Wisconsin, 1907, 
Part II, Chs. II to X, inclusive. 

12. Warder, William—“On the Manufacturing of 

Flour” in Report of the Commissioner of Agri- 
culture, Washington, 1862, pp. 423-429. 

13. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol¬ 

ume on Agriculture, pp. xxix-lxxiv. 

14. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900. Vol. 

VI: “Cereals,” pp. 13-95. 

15. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, 

Vol. V, Ch. IX: “Individual Crops,” pp. 565- 
623. 

16. Annual Reports and Yearbooks of the United 

States Department of Agriculture. 

17. Annual Report of the United States Department 

of Agriculture, 1862-1914. Especially the 
annual reports of the Secretary and the 
Statistician of this Department. 

18. Annual Reports of the State Department of Agri¬ 

culture during this period. 

XXVII. 

LIVESTOCK AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS. 

1860-1914. 

1. Alvord, H. E.—“Dairy Development in the 

United States,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1898. 

2. Clemen, R. S. —The American Livestock and 

Meat Industry, 1923, Parts I, II. 

3. Conner, L. G.—“A Brief History of the Sheep 

Industry in the United States,” Annual Report 
of the American Historical Association, 1918, 
Vol. I, pp. 128-165. 

84 


4. Gordon, C.—“Report on Cattle, Sheep and 

Swine,” Tenth Census of the United States, 
1890, Vol. III. 

5. Holmes, G. K. — Meat Supply and Surplus, Bul¬ 

letin No. 55, United States Department of 
Agriculture, 1908. 

6. Loomis, S. L.—“Distribution and Movement of 

Meat Cattle in the United States,” Report of 
the Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, 
1863, pp. 248-264. 

7. MacDonald, James— Food from the Far West, or 

American Agriculture with Special Reference 
to the Beef Production and Importation of 
Dead Meat from America to Great Britain, 
London, 1878. 

8. Smith, J. R. — Industrial and Commercial Geog¬ 

raphy, 1913, Ch. V. 

9. Willard, X. A.—“American Dairying: Its Rise, 

Progress, and National Importance,” Annual 
Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 
1865, pp. 431-455. 

10. Annual Report of the United States Department 

of Agriculture, 1862 to 1914. Especially the 
annual reports of the Secretary and Statis¬ 
tician of this Department. 

11. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860. Vol¬ 

ume on Agriculture, pp. cix-cxxxv. 

12. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. 

V, pp. cxliii-ccxxxii. 

13. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, 

Vol. V, Chs. VI, VIII, pp. 327-472. 

XXVIII. 

THE COTTON INDUSTRY. 

1860-1914. 

9 

1. Agelasto, A. M., and Others—“The Cotton Situ¬ 
ation,” Yearbook of the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, 1921, pp. 323-406. 
The accompanying maps and diagrams are 
essential. 


85 


2. Grady, H. W.—“Cotton and Its Kingdom,’’ 

Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 63, 1881, pp. 719- 
734. 

3. Hammond, M. B.—“The Cotton Industry,” 

Publications of the American Economic Asso¬ 
ciation, New Series, No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chs. 
IV, V, VI, VII. 

“The Southern Farmer and the Cotton Question,” 
The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XII, 
1897, pp. 450-475. 

4. Scherer, J. A. B. — Cotton as a World Power, 

1916, Book VI. 

5. Smith, J. R.— Industrial and Commercial Geog¬ 

raphy, 1913, pp. 468-497. 

6. Thompson, H.— From the Cotton Fields to the 

Cotton Mill. 

7. Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, Vol. 

VI, pp. 405-419. 

8. Annual Report of the United States Department 

of Agriculture, 1862-1914. Especially annual 
reports of the Secretary and Statistician of 
this Department. 

XXIX. 

MISCELLANEOUS AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIES. 

1860-1914. 

1. Blakev, R. G. — The United States Beet Sugar 

Industry and the Tariff, The Columbia Uni¬ 
versity Studies, Vol. 47, No. 2, 1912, pp. 269- 
524. 

2. Jacobstein, M. —The Tobacco Industry in the 

United States, The Columbia University 
Studies, Vol. XXVI, 1907, No. 3, Part II, 
Chs. I to VII, inclusive. 

3. Smith, J. R.— Industrial and Commercial Geog¬ 

raphy, 1913, Chs. VI, VII and pp. 312-321. 

4. Taussig, F. W. — Some Aspects of the Tariff 

Question, 1915, Ch. VII on “Beet Sugar.” 

86 


5. United States Census Reports for This Period. 

Volumes on Agriculture. See Table of Con¬ 
tents of each volume under the following 
headings: Hay and Forage, Tobacco, Vege¬ 
tables, Fruits, and Sugar. 

6. Encyclopedia Britannica. 

7. The Americana. 


XXX. 

THE RANGE AND RANCH CATTLE INDUSTRY. 

1860-1914. 

1. Aldridge, Reginald— Ranch Notes on Kansas, 

Colorado, Indian Territory and Northern 
Texas. 

2. Barker, R. M.—“The Economics of Cattle- 

Ranching in the Southwest,” The Review of 
Review's, Vol. XXIV, pp. 305-313. 

3. Chapman, Arthur—“The Last War for the 

Cattle Range,” Outing, Vol. 46, 1905, pp. 
668-675. 

4. Corbett, W. W.—“Beef and Beef-Cattle of the 

West,” Report of the Commissioner of Agri¬ 
culture, Washington, 1862, pp. 326-335. 

5. Cunniff, M. G.—“The 101 Ranch,” The World's 

Work, Vol. II, 1906, pp. 7219-7228. 

6. Dale, E. E.—“The Ranchman’s Last Frontier,” 

The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 
Vol. X, No. 1, July, 1923, pp. 34-46. 

7. Gordon, Clarence—“Meat Production,” The 

Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, Vol. 
Til, pp. 965-1116. 

8. Hagedorn, Herman— Roosevelt in the Bad Lands. 

9. Harger, C. M.—“Cattle Trails of the Prairies,” 

Scribner's Magazine, Vol. XI, pp. 732-742. 

10. Hough, Emerson— The Story of the Cowboy, 

1898. 

11. Howard, R. R.—“The Passing of the Cattle 

King,” The Outlook, Vol. 98, 1911, pp. 195- 
204. 


87 


12. Hunter, J. Marvin— The Trail Drivers of Texas. 

13. Laut, A. C.—“The Passing of the Ranch,” Col¬ 

lier’s, Vol. 43, 1909, pp. 18-19. 

14. Love, C. M.—“History of the Cattle Industry in 

the Southwest,” The Southwestern Historical 
Quarterly, Vol. XIX, No. 4, April, 1916, pp. 
370-399, Vol. XX, No. 1, July, 1916, pp. 1-18. 

15. McCoy, J. G.— Historic Sketches of the Cattle 

Trade of the West and Southwest, 1874. 

16. Nimmo, Joseph—“Report in Regard to the Range 

and Ranch Cattle Business of the United 
States,” Annual Report on the Internal Com¬ 
merce of the United States, 1885, pp. 95-294, 
with five maps. United States Treasury De¬ 
partment, Bureau of Statistics. Reprinted 
without maps as House Executive Document, 
No. 267. Forty-eighth Congress, Second 
Session, 1884-1885. A valuable and indis¬ 
pensable report. Map No. 1 is essential. 

17. Paxson, F. L.—“The Cow Country,” The Ameri¬ 

can Historical Review, Vol. XXII, No. 1, 
October, 1916, pp. 65-82. 

18. Rollins, P. A.— The Cowboy, 1922. 

19. Roosevelt, T.—“In Cowboy Land,” The Outlook, 

Vol. 104, 1913, pp. 148-172. 

“A Sheriff’s Work on a Ranch,” The Century 
Magazine, Vol. XXXVI, 1888, pp. 39-51. An 
Autobiography. 

20. Schmidt, L. B.—“From Longhorns to Pure- 

breds,” The Farm Journal, Philadelphia, Vol. 
XLIV, No. 8, August, 1920. 

21. Steger, H. P.—“Photographing the Cowboy as 

He Disappears,” The World’s Work, Vol. 
XVII, 1909, pp. 11111-11124. 

22. Strothers, T.—“The Last of the Cattle Kings,” 

The World’s Work, Vol. XVI, 1908, pp. 
10680-10683. 


88 


23. Trexler, H. A.—“The Buffalo Range of the 

Northwest/’ The Mississippi Valley Histori¬ 
cal Review, Vol. VII, No. 4, March, 1921, pp. 
348-362. 

24. White, S. E.—“Round-up Days,” Outing, Vol. 

51, 1907, pp. 45-52, 127-140, 321-329. 

25. Wyeth, N. C.—“Days With the Round-up,” 

Scribner’s Magazine, Vol. XXXIX, 1906, pp. 
285-310. 

26. “The Pastoral Lands of America,” Annual Re¬ 

port of the Commissioner of Agriculture, 
1870, pp. 301-310. 

27. “The Texas Cattle Trade,” Annual Report of the 

Commissioner of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 346- 
352. 

28. United States Census Reports. Volumes on Agri¬ 

culture under appropriate headings. 


XXXI. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC STATES. 

1860-1914. 

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa¬ 
chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, 
Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 

1. Fowler, F. H.—“Abandoned Farms,” Bailey’s 

Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, Vol. IV, 
1909, pp. 102-106. 

2. Hartt, R. L.—“The Regeneration of New Eng¬ 

land,” Outing, Vol. 64, 1900, pp. 504-509. 

3. Hibbard, B. H.—“Tenancy in the North Atlan¬ 

tic States,” The Quarterly Journal of Eco¬ 
nomics, Vol. XXVI, pp. 105-117. Reprinted 
in Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural Eco¬ 
nomics, 1916, pp. 498-507. 

4. Morgan, Philip, and Sanborn, A. F.—“The Prob¬ 

lems of Rural New England,” The Atlantic 
Monthly, Vol. 79, 1897, pp. 577-598. 

5. Sanborn, A. F.—“The Future of Rural New 

England,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 80, 
1897, pp. 74-83. 


89 


6. “Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850- 

1900,“ Twelfth Census of the United States, 
1900, Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 

7. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition. For 

States composing the North Atlantic Division. 

8. “Farming in New England,” Annual Report of 

the Commissioner of the Department of Agri¬ 
culture, Washington, 1870, pp. 255-267. 

9. “Disastrous Effects of the Opening of the West 

on New Hampshire Agriculture,” Annual 
Report of the New Hampshire Board of Agri¬ 
culture, 1887. 

10. United States Census Reports for this period. 

Volumes on Population and Agriculture. 
Consult Table of Contents of these volumes 
for reports on States composing this division. 

11. Annual Reports of the State Departments of 

Agriculture of the States composing the North 
Atlantic Group. The Massachusetts and New 
York reports are especially valuable. 

12. Agricultural Periodicals. 

XXXII. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL STATES. 

1860-1914. 

Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, 
Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, 
North Dakota and South Dakota. 

1. Brooks, E. C.— The Story of Corn in the West¬ 

ward Migration, 1916. 

2. Carver, T. N.—-“Life in the Corn Belt,” The 

World's Work, December, 1903, pp. 4235. 

3. Coulter, J. L.—“Industrial History of the Valley 

of the Red River of the North,” Publications 
of the State Historical Society of North 
Dakota, Vol. Ill, pp. 28-115. 

4. Dondlinger, P. T. —The Book of Wheat, 1916. 

An economic history and practical manual of 
the wheat industry. 

90 


5. Fite, E. D.—“Agricultural Development of the 

West During the Civil War,” The Quarterly 
Journal of Economics, Vol. XX, 1906, pp. 
259-278. Reprinted in substantially the form 
as Chapter I in the author’s Social and Indus¬ 
trial Conditions in the North during the 
Civil War, 1910. 

6. Grinnell, J. B.—“Sheep on the Prairies,” Annual 

Report of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, 1862, pp. 300-312. 

7. Harger, C. M.—“The New Era in the Middle 

West,” Harper's Magazine, Vol. 97, July, 
1898, pp. 276-282. 

8. Hedrick, W. O.—“Social and Economic Aspects 

of Michigan History,” Michigan Historical 
Society Collections, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 327- 
342. 

9. Hibbard, B. H.— History of Agriculture in 

Dane County, Wisconsin, Bulletin of the Uni¬ 
versity of Wisconsin, 1904, Part II, Chs. I 
to VII, inclusive. 

“Tenancy in the North Central States,” The 
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXV, 
1911, pp. 710-729. Reprinted in Carver’s 
Selected Readings in Rural Economics, 1916, 
pp. 508-522. 

10. Mappin, W. F.—“Farm Mortgages and the 

Small Farmer,” The Political Science Quar¬ 
terly, Vol. IV, 1889, pp. 433-451. 

11. Merk, Frederick—“The Economic History of 

Wisconsin During the Civil War Decade,” 
Publications of the State Historical Society of 
Wisconsin. 

12. MacDonald, James— Food From the Far West, 

or American Agriculture With Special Refer¬ 
ence to the Beef Production and Importation 
of Dead Meat from America to Great Britain, 
London, 1878. 

13. Robinson, E. V.— Economic History of Agricul¬ 

ture in Minnesota, University of Minnesota, 

91 


Social Science Studies, No. 3, 1915, Chs. IV, 
V. 

14. Ross, J. B.—“The Agrarian Revolution in the 

Middle West,” The North American Review, 
Vol. 190, pp. 376-391. 

“Agrarian Changes in the Middle West,” The 
Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XXV, 1910, 
pp. 625-637. 

15. Smalley, E. F.—“The Isolation of Life on 

Prairie Farms,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 
72, 1893, pp. 378-382. 

16. Thompson, C. W.—“Movement of Wheat-Grow¬ 

ing,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 
XVIII, 1904, pp. 570-584. 

17. Thompson, J. G.— The Rise and Decline of the 

Wheat-Growing Industry in Wisconsin, Bul¬ 
letin of the University of Wisconsin, 1907, 
Part II, Chs. II to X, inclusive. 

18. Turner, F. J.—“The Middle West,” The Inter¬ 

national Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 794-820. 

19. Webster, E. H.—“Fifty Years of Kansas Agri¬ 

culture,” Kansas Historical Society Collec¬ 
tions, Vol. XII, pp. 60-64. 

20. Wright, C. W.— Wool-Growing and the Tariff, 

Harvard Economic Studies. Vol. V, 1910, 
Chs. VI, VII, VIII. 

21. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition. For 

States of North Central Division. 

22. “Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850- 

1900,” Twelfth Census of the United States, 
1900, Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 

23. United States Census Reports. Volumes on 

Population and Agriculture. Consult Tables 
of Contents of these volumes for reports in 
States composing these divisions. 

24. Annual Reports of the State Departments of 

Agriculture for the States of the North 
Central Division. 

25. Agricultural Periodicals. 

92 


26. Report of the Commission of the General Land 
Office, 1869, pp. 109-145: “Region of 

Cereals.” 

XXXIII. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC STATES. 

1860-1914. 

Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, North Caro¬ 
lina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. 

1. Arnold B. W.— The History of the Tobacco 

Industry in Virginia From 1860 to 189If, 
Johns Hopkins University Studies, 1897. 

2. Brooks, P. E.— The Agrarian Revolution in 

Georgia, 1865-1912, Bulletin of the Univer¬ 
sity of Wisconsin, 1914. 

3. Hammond, M. B.— The Cotton Industry, Publi¬ 

cations of the American Association, New 
Series, No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chs. IV, V, VI, 
VII. 

4. Hibbard, B. H—“Tenancy in the Southern 

States,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. XXVII, 1913, pp. 482-496. Reprinted 
in Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural Eco¬ 
nomics, pp. 523-535. 

5. Jacobstein, M.— The Tobacco Industry, Colum¬ 

bia University Studies, Vol. XXVI, 1907, No. 
3, Part II, Chs: I to VII, inclusive. 

6. “Status of Virginia Agriculture in 1870,” Annual 

Report of the Commissioner of the Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, 1870, pp. 267-291. 

7. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition. For 

States composing the South Atlantic Division. 

8. “Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850- 

1900,” Twelfth Census of the United States, 
1900, Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 

9. Annual Reports of the Departments of Agricul¬ 

ture of the States composing the South Atlan¬ 
tic Division. 

10. United States Census Reports for this period. 
Volumes on Population and Agriculture. Con¬ 
sult the Tables of Contents of these volumes 


93 


for reports on the States composing this 
division. 

11. Bibliography on “The New South, 1870-1895,” 

in Channing, Hart, and Turner’s Guide to the 
Study and Reading of American History, 
Revised Edition, 1912, pp. 536-538. 

12. Agricultural Periodicals. 

XXXIV. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE SOUTH CENTRAL STATES. 

1860-1914. 

Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas. 

1. Ballagh, J. C. (Editor)— Economic History, 

1865-1909, The South in the Building of the 
Nation, Vol. VI, 1909. 

2. Coman, Katherine— Industrial History of the 

United States, Revised Edition of 1910, pp. 
307-312. 

3. Garner, J. W.— Reconstruction in Mississippi, 

1901, Ch. IV. 

4. Grady, H. W.—“Cotton and Its Kingdom,” 

Harper’s Magazine, Vol. 63, 1881, pp. 719- 
734. 

The New South, 1890. 

5. Goodloe, D. R.—“Resources and Industrial 

Condition of the Southern States,” Report of 
the Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, 
1865, pp. 102-136. 

6. Hammond, M. B.— The Cotton Industry, Publi¬ 

cations of the American Economic Association, 
New Series, No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chs. IV, V, 
VI, VII. 

“The Southern Farmer and the Cotton Question,” 
The Political Science Quarterly, Vol. XII, 
1897, pp. 450-475. 

7. Hart, A. B.— The Southern South, 1910. 

8. Hibbard, B. H.—“Tenancy in the Southern 

States,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. XXVII, pp. 482-496. 

94 


9. Holmes, G. K.—“Peons of the South,” Annals of 
the American Academy of Political and Social 
Science, Vol. IV, 1893, pp. 265-274. 

10. Jacobstein, M.— The Tobacco Industry in the 

United States, Columbia University Studies, 
Vol. XXVI, 1907, No. 3, Part II, Chs. I to 
VII, inclusive. 

11. Loring, F. W., and Atkinson, C. J.— -Cotton 

Culture and the South Considered With Refer¬ 
ence to Emigration, 1869. 

12. Paxson, F. L.— The New Nation, Riverside His¬ 

tory of the United States, Vol. IV, 1915, Ch. 
XII. 

13. Scherer, J. A. B.— Cotton as a World Power, 

1916, Book VI. 

14. Stone, A. H.—“Some Problems in Southern Eco¬ 

nomic History,” in The American Historical 
Review, Vol. XIII, No. 4, 1908, pp. 779- 
797. 

Studies in the American Race Problem, 1908, 
Part II, Chs. Ill, IV, V. 

15. “Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850- 

1900,” Twelfth Census of the United States, 
1900, Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 

16. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition. For 

States of the South Central Division. 

17. United States Census Reports. Volumes on 

Population and Agriculture. Consult Tables 
of Contents of these volumes for reports on 
States composing this division. 

18. Annual Reports of the State Departments of 

Agriculture for the States of the South Cen¬ 
tral Division. 

19. Bibliography on “The New South, 1870-1895,” 

in Channing, Hart, and Turner’s Guide to the 
Study and Reading of American History, 
Revised Edition, 1912, pp. 536-538. 

20. Agricultural Periodicals. 

95 


XXXV. 

AGRICULTURE IN THE WESTERN STATES AND 
TERRITORIES. 

1860-1914. 

Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, 
Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Nevada, California, 
Oregon, and Washington. 

1. Brigham, A. P.— Geographic Influences, Chs. 

VIII, IX, X. 

2. Bowman, Isaiah.— Forest Physiography. 

3. Berglund, A.—“The Wheat Situation in Wash¬ 

ington,” The Political Science Quarterly. 
Vol. XXIV, pp. 489 and following. 

4. Coman, Katherine— Economic Beginnings of the 

Far West, 1912, Vol. II, pp. 291-306. 

5. Davis, A. P.—“Reclamation of the Arid West by 

the Federal Government,” Annals of the 
American Academy of Political and Social 
Science, Vol. XXXI, pp. 203-218. 

6. Dunn, H. D.—“California: Her Agricultural 

Resources,” Annual Report of the Commis¬ 
sioner of Agriculture, 1866, pp. 581-610. 

7. Hibbard, B. H.—“Tenancy in the Western 

States,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. XXVI, 1912, pp. 363-376. Reprinted in 
Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural Eco¬ 
nomics, pp. 536-546. 

8. Hill, J. J.— Highways of Progress. 

9. Mead, Elwood—“Rise and Future of Irrigation 

in the United States,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 
591-612. 

10. Newell, F. H.—“Irrigation and Irrigated 

Lands,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclopedia 
of American Government, Vol. II, pp. 239- 
244. 

Irrigation in the United States, 1906. 

11. Paxson, F. L.— The Last Frontier, 1910. 

12. Pyle, J. G.— The Life of James J. Hill, 1917. 

96 


13. Schafer, Joseph— The Pacific Northwest. 

14. Smalley, F. V.—“The Future of the Great Arid 

West,” The Forum, Vol. XIX, pp. 467-475. 
“Our Sub-Arid Belt,” The Forum, Vol. XXI, 
1896, pp. 486-493. 

15. Smythe, W. E.— The Conquest of Arid America, 

1905. 

16. Encyclopedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition. 

Articles on the States composing the Western 
Division. 

17. “Agricultural Progress of Fifty Years, 1850- 

1900,” Twelfth Census of the United States, 
1900, Vol. V, pp. xvi-xxxv. 

18. “Irrigation,” Thirteenth Census of the United 

States, 1910, Vol. V, pp. 827-876. 

19. “Agricultural Resources of Wyoming Territory,” 

Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agri¬ 
culture, 1870, pp. 548-559. 

20. “Agricultural Topography and Resources of 

Montana Territory,” Annual Report of the 
Commissioner of Agriculture, 1871, pp. 431- 
448. 

21. “From Cattle Range to Orange Grove,” Southern 

California Historical Publications, Vol. VIII, 
Part 3, pp. 145-157. 

22. “Early Farming in Umatilla County,” Oregon 

Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. XVI, pp. 
343-349. 

23. United States Census Reports. Volumes on 

Population and Agriculture. Consult Tables 
of Contents of these volumes for reports on 
the States composing this Division. 

24. Annual Reports of the State Departments of 

Agriculture in the Western States. 

25. Agricultural Periodicals. 

97 


XXXVI. 

INTERNAL TRADE AND TRANSPORTATION l DOMESTIC 

MARKETS. 

1860-1914. 

1. Bogart, E. L.— Econoviic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, Chs. XXI, 
XXVIII. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M. —Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
1916, pp. 644-651, 655-686. 

3. Coulter, E. M.—“Effects of Secession Upon the 

Commerce of the Mississippi Valley,” The 
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 
Ill, No. 3, December, 1916, pp. 275-300. 
“Commercial Intercourse With the Confederacy 
in the Mississippi Valley, 1861-1865,” The 
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. V, 
No. 4, March, 1919, pp. 377-395. 

4. Fish, C. R.—“The Northern Railroads, April, 

1861,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 
XXII, No. 4, July, 1917, pp. 778-793. 

5. Fite, E. D. —Social and Industrial Conditions in 

the North During the Civil War, 1910, Ch. 
III. 

6. Grosvenor, W. M.—“The Railroads and the 

Farms,” The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XXXII, 
1873, pp. 591-610. 

7. Johnson, E. R.— History of the Domestic and 

Foreign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 
Vol. I, pp. 270-282. 

8. Lippincott, I. —Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Chs. XXIII, XXIV, 
XXV. 

9. Lord, Daniel— The Effect of Secession on the 

Commercial Relations Between North and 
South, 1861. 

10. Merk, F.— Economic History of Wisconsin Dur¬ 
ing the Civil War Decade, Publications of the 
State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Studies, 

98 


Vol. I, 1916, Chs. VIII, IX, X, XI, XIII, 
XIV, XV. See also maps at the beginning of 
the volume. 

11. Murphy, H. K.—“The Northern Railroads and 

the Civil War,” The Mississippi Valley His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. V, No. 3, December, 
1918, pp. 324-338. 

12. Ramsdell, Chas. W.—“The Confederate Govern¬ 

ment and the Railroads,” The American His¬ 
torical Review, Vol. XXII, No. 4, July, 1917, 
pp. 794-810. 

13. Ripley, W. Z.— Railroads: Rates and Regula- 

tion. 

14. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Internal Grain Trade of 

the United States, 1860-1890,” The Iowa 
Journal of History and Politics, Vol. XIX, 
No. 2, April, 1921, pp. 196-245; No. 3, July, 
1921, pp. 414-455; and Vol. XX, No. 1, Janu¬ 
ary, 1922, pp. 70-131. 

“The East Bound Wheat Traffic of the Middle 
West After the Civil War,” The Price Cur¬ 
rent Grain Reporter, Vol. LXXXVI, No. 12, 
1921. 

15. Shippee, Lester B.—“Steamboating on the 

Upper Mississippi After the Civil War,” The 
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 
VI, No. 4, March, 1920, pp. 470-502. 

“The Early Railroad Between the Mississippi 
and Lake Superior,” The Mississippi Valley 
Historical Review, Vol. V, No. 2, September, 
1918, pp. 121-142. 

16. Sparks, E. E.— National Development, The 

American Nation, Vol. XXIII, 1907, Ch. 
XVIII. 

17. Tunell, Geo. G.—“The Diversion of the Flour 

and Grain Traffic From the Great Lakes to 
the Railroads,” The Journal of Political 
Economy, Vol. V, 1897, pp. 340-375. 

Lake Commerce. House Documents, Miscel¬ 
laneous, Vol. 51, 55th Congress, 2d Session, 

99 



Doc. No. 277. Part II, pp. 30-59, on “Flour 
and Grain Traffic.” 

18. Veblen, T. B.—“The Price of Wheat Since 1867,” 

The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. I, 
1892, pp. 68-103. 

19. Annual Report of the Statistician in the Annual 

Reports of the United States Department of 
Agriculture. Consult those portions of the 
Statistician’s Reports which treat of the 
growth of the grain, livestock, and cotton 
markets. See especially the Report of the 
Statistician for 1876. 

20. Annual Report on the Internal Commerce of the 

United States. United States Treasury De¬ 
partment, Bureau of Statistics, Washington. 
Issued from 1876-1891. 

21. Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, 

Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, 
Washington, 1896-1914. 

22. Annual Reports of the Commercial Organizations 

of the leading primary markets. 

XXXVII. 

EXPANSION OF AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS AND 
FOREIGN MARKETS. 

1860-1914. 

1. Austin, O. P.—“Imports and Exports of Agri¬ 
cultural Products,” Bailey’s Cyclopedia of 
American Agriculture, Vol. IV, 1909, pp. 
18-22. 

2. Bogart, E. L., and Thompson, C. M.— Readings 

in the Economic History of the United States, 
pp. 651-655. 

3. Chapman, S. J.— History of Trade Between the 

United Kingdom and the United States, 1899. 

4. Day, Clive— History of Commerce, New and Re¬ 

vised Edition, 1914, Chs. 51, 52, 53. 

5. Evans, C. H.— Domestic Exports From the 

United States to All Countries, 1789-1882, 
1884. 


100 



6. Hammond, M. B.— The Cotton Industry, Publi¬ 

cations of the American Economic Association, 
New Series, No. 1, Part I, 1897, Chs. X, XI. 

7. Huebner, G. G. — Agricultural Commerce, 1915, 

pp. 371-373. 

8. Jacobstein, M. — The Tobacco Industry in the 

United States, Columbia University Studies, 
Vol. XXVI, 1907, No. 3, Part II, Ch. VI. 

9. Johnson, E. R.— History of Domestic and For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States, 1915, 
Chs. XXV, XXVI, XXVII. See also pp. 
356-359, 363-369, and 376-381 for Bibliog¬ 
raphy on the foreign commerce of the United 
States from 1789 to 1911. 

10. Lippincott, I.— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. XXVI. 

11. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Influence of Wheat and 

Cotton Anglo-American Relations During the 
Civil War,” The Iowa Journal of History and 
Politics, Vol. XVI, July, 1918, pp. 400-439. 

12. Shaler, N.— The United States of America, Vol. 

I, pp. 558-569. 

13. Trimble, W. J.—“Historical Aspects of Surplus 

Food Production, 1862-1902,” Annual Report 
of the American Historical Association, 1918, 
Vol. I, pp. 221-239. 

14. Webster, W. C.— General History of Commerce, 

1903, Ch. XXIX. 

15. “American Commerce, 1821-1898,” Monthly 

Summary of Commerce and Finance, Bureau 
of Statistics, Treasury Department, June, 
1899. 

16. “The Grain Trade of the United States,” 

Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance. 
Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, 
January, 1900. 

17. “The Provision Trade of the United States,” 

Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, 
Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, 
February, 1900. 


101 


18. “The Cotton Trade of the United States/’ 

Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, 
Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, 
March, 1900. 

19. Annual Report of the Statistician in the Annual 

Reports of the United States Department of 
Agriculture. Consult these portions of the 
Statisticians’ Reports which treat of the ex¬ 
port trade in grain, livestock products and 
cotton. 

20 . Annual Report on the Foreign Commerce and 

Navigation of the United States. Prepared 
from 1820 to 1866 in the office of the Register 
of the Treasury and from 1866 to 1903 
Bureau of Statistics which was connected with 
the United States Treasury Department. 

21 . Statistical Abstract of the United States. 

Annual since 1878. Bureau of Statistics. 

22 . Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, 

Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department. 
Monthly since 1896. 

XXXVIII. 

THE RISE AND GROWTH OF FARMERS’ ORGANIZATIONS. 

1860-1914. 

1. Adams, C. F.—“The Granger Movement,” The 

North American Review, Vol. 120, 1875, pp. 
394-424. 

2. Adams, H. B. (Editor)— History of Co-operation 

in the United States, Johns Hopkins Univer¬ 
sity Studies, Vol. VI, 1888, pp. 540, Mono¬ 
graphic studies by geographic divisions. 

3. Atkeson, T. C.— Semi-Centennial History of the 

Patrons of Husbandry, 1916. 

4. Bemis, E. W.—“The Discontent of the Farmer,” 

The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. I, 
1893, pp. 193-213. 

5. Buck, S. J.— The Granger Movement, Harvard 

Historical Studies, Vol. XIX, 1913. The best 
treatment of this subject. 

102 


by the 


6. ButterfielcL, K. L.—“Farmers’ Social Organiza¬ 

tions;’’ Bailey’s Cyclopedia of American Agri¬ 
culture, Vol. IV; pp. 289-297. 

“The Grange/’ The Forum, Vol. XXXI; 1901; 
pp. 231-242. 

7. Carr, E. S.— The Patrons of Husbandry on the 

Pacific Coast, 1875. 

8. Detrick; C. It.—“Effects of the Granger Acts/’ 

The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. II; 
1903; pp. 237-256. 

9. Emerick; C. F.—“An Analysis of Agricultural 

Discontent in the United States/’ The Politi¬ 
cal Science Quarterly, Vol. XI, 1896, pp. 433- 
463; 601-639; XII, 1897, pp. 93-127. Re¬ 
printed jn Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural 
Economics, pp. 699-763. 

10. Kelley, O. H.— The History of the Patrons of 

Husbandry, 1875. 

11. Martin, E. W. — History of the Grange Move¬ 

ment, 1874. 

12. Periam, Jonathan —The Groundswell, 1874. 

13. Pierson, C. W.—“The Rise of the Granger Move¬ 

ment,’’ Popidar Science Monthly, Vol. XXXII, 
1897, pp. 199-208. Reprinted in Carver’s 
Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 
658-665. 

14. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Significance of the Granger 

Movement in American Historv/’ The Prairie 
Farmer, Chicago, Vol. 93, No. 4, January 22, 
1921; No. 5, January 29, 1921; No. 6, Feb¬ 
ruary 5, 1921 ; No. 7, February 12, 1921, 
and No. 8. February 19, 1921. 

15 bibliography on the Granger Movement is given 
in Buck’s The Granger Movement, Harvard 
Historical Studies, Vol. XIX, 1913, pp. 315- 
351. Extensive and well classified. Contains 
references to related subjects, such as the 
Farmers’ Alliance and the Populist Move¬ 
ment. Indispensable. 

103 


XXXIX. 

THE RELATION OF THE FARMER TO POLITICS AND 

LEGISLATION. 

1860-1914. 

1. Ashley, N. B.— The Riddle of the Sphinx, Des 

Moines, Iowa, 1890. A discussion of the eco¬ 
nomic questions relating to agriculture, land, 
transportation, money, taxation and cost of 
interchange. A consideration of possible 
remedies for existing inequalities, and an out¬ 
line of the position of agriculture in the in¬ 
dustrial world, with a comprehensive history 
of the leading farm organizations, their con¬ 
stitutions and by-laws. 

2. Chamberlain, H. R.—“Farmers’ Alliance and 

Other Political Parties,” The Chautauquan, 
Vol. XIII, 1891, pp. 338-342. 

The Farmers’ Alliance: What It Aims to Accom¬ 
plish, 1891. 

3. Dewey, D. R.— Financial History of the United 

States, Fourth Edition, Revised, 1912, Chs. 
XIV, XV, XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX. 

4. Drew, F. M.—“The Present Farmers’ Move¬ 

ment,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. VI, 
1891, pp. 282-310. 

5. Dunning, N. A. (Editor)— The Farmers’ Alli¬ 

ance History and Agricultural Digest, 1891 , 
p. 742. 

6. Haynes, F. E.— Third Party Movements Since 

the Civil War, with Special Reference to Iowa, 
1916. James Baird Weaver, 1919. 

7. Hicks, J. D.—“The Origin and Early History of 

the Farmers’ Alliance in Minnesota,” The Mis¬ 
sissippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. IX, 
No. 3, December, 1922, pp. 203-226. 

8. Hockett, H. C.—“The Influence of the West on 

the Rise and Fall of Political Parties,” The 
Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 
IV, No. 4, March, 1918, pp. 459-469. 

104 


9. Hormell, O. C.—“Populist Party/’ McLaughlin 
and Hart’s Cyclopedia of American Govern¬ 
ment, Vol. II, pp. 757-768. 

10. Libby, O. H.—“A Study of the Greenback Move¬ 

ment/’ Wisconsin Academy Transactions, Vol. 
XII, Part II, pp. 530 and following. 

11. McVey, T. L.—“The Populist Movement,” Eco¬ 

nomic Studies, Vol. I, No. 3, 1896, pp. 131- 
202. Bibliography, pp. 202-209. 

12. Merk, F.— Economic History of Wisconsin Dur¬ 

ing the Civil War Decade. Publications of 
the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 
Studies, Vol. I, 1916, Ch. XII. 

13. Noyes, A. D.— Forty Years of American Finance, 

1865-1907. 

14. Paxson, F. L. — The New Nation, The Riverside 

History of the United States, 1915, Chs. II, 
IV, XI, XIII, XIV. 

15. Peffer, W. A.—“The Farmers’ Defensive Move¬ 

ment,” The Forum, Vol. VIII, 1889, pp. 463- 
473. 

16. Ross, E. D.— The Liberal Republican Move¬ 

ment. The greenback and tariff reform move¬ 
ments are considered. 

17. Ruggles, C. O.—“The Economic Basis of the 

Greenback Movement in Iowa and Wiscon¬ 
sin,” Proceedings of the Mississippi Valley 
Historical Association, Vol. VI, 1912-1913, 
pp. 142-165. 

18. Stanwood, E.— History of the Presidency, Vol. 

I, Chs. XXX, XXXI. 

19. Turner, F. J.—“The Problem of the West,” The 

Atlantic Monthly, Vol. 78, pp. 289 and fol¬ 
lowing. 

20. Walker, C. S. —“The Farmers’ Movement,” An¬ 

nals of the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science, Vol. IV, 1894, pp. 790-798. 

21. White, M. J. —“Populism in Louisiana in the 

Nineties,” The Mississippi Valley Historical 
Review, Vol. V, No. 1, June, 1918, pp. 3-19. 

105 


22. Wildman, M. S.— Money Inflation. 

23. Woodburn, J. A.— Political Parties and Party 

Problems in the United States, Second Edi¬ 
tion, 1914, Ch. VIII. 

XL. 

THE RELATION OF THE STATE TO AGRICULTURE. 

1862-1900. 

1. Aurner, C. R.— History of Education in Iowa , 

Vol. IV, 1916, Part II. An account of the 
Iowa State College of Agriculture and Me¬ 
chanic Arts from date of establishment in 
1858 to 1916. 

2. Bailey, L. H.—“Relations of Government to 

Agriculture,” McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclo¬ 
pedia of American Government, Vol. I, pp. 
19-20. Cyclopedia of American Agriculture, 
Vol. IV, 1909, Ch. VIII: “Education by 
Means of Agriculture,” and Ch. IX: Gov¬ 
ernmental and Legal Aid and Control.” Ch. 
IX consists of fifteen articles by different 
authorities on selected phases of this subject. 
The State and the Farmer, 1908. 

“Place of Agriculture in Higher Education,” 
Education, Vol. 31, December, 1910, pp. 249 
to 256. 

3. Brieker, G. A.—“Agriculture in the Public 

Schools,” The Educational Review, Vol. 41, 
April, 1911, pp. 395-403. 

4. Crosby, D. J.—“Special Agricultural High 

Schools,” Report of the National Educational 
Association, 1909, pp. 974-976. 

5. Davis, B. M.— Agricultural Education. 

6. James, E. J. —Origin of the Land Grant Act 

of 1862, University of Illinois Studies, Vol. 
IV, No. 1, 1910. 

7. Greathouse, C. PI.— Historical Sketch of the 

United States Department of Agriculture, 
United States Department of Agriculture Bul¬ 
letin No. 3. 


106 


8. Learned, H. B.— The President’s Cabinet, pp. 

292-345. 

9. Moore, Charles—“Department of Agriculture,” 

McLaughlin and Hart’s Cyclopedia of Ameri¬ 
can Government, Vol. I, pp. 15-19. 

10. Mumford, F. B.—“Education for Agriculture,” 

Annals of the American Academy, Vol. 40, 
March, 1912, pp. 19-20. 

11. Schmidt, L. B.—“The Origin of the Iowa State 

College,” The Iowa Homestead, Des Moines, 
Iowa, Vol. LXV, No. 21, May 20, 1920; No. 
22, May 27, 1920, and No. 23, June 3, 1920. 
“The Origin of the Land Grant College Act of 
1862,” The Iowa Homestead, Des Moines, 
Vol. LXV, No. 11, March 11, 1920. 

12. Stoekbridge, F. P.—“University That Runs a 

State,” The World’s Work, Vol. 25, April, 
1913, pp. 702-706. 

13. Thomas, D. Y.—“Need for Agricultural Educa¬ 

tion,” Annals of the American Academy of 
Political and Social Science, Vol. 35, January, 
1910, pp. 150-155. 

14. True, A. C.—“Agricultural Education in the 

United States,” in Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 
157-190. 

“Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United 
States,” Yearbook of the United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture, 1899, pp. 513-548. 
“Agricultural Education and Agricultural Pros¬ 
perity,” Annals of the American Academy, 
Vol. 59, May, 1915, pp. 51-64. 

15. Woods, A. F.—“Agricultural Education and Its 

Relation to Rural Sociology,” American Jour¬ 
nal of Sociology, Vol. 17, March, 1912, pp. 
659-668. 

16 . Annual Report of the Commissioner of Agricul¬ 

ture, 1862 to 1888 , in the annual reports of 
the United States Department of Agriculture 
for the years indicated. 

107 


17. Annual Report of the Secretary of Agriculture, 

1889 to the present, in the annual reports of 
the United States Department of Agriculture 
for the years indicated. These reports pre¬ 
sent, in consecutive order, a history of the 
activities and services of the United States 
Department of Agriculture from its establish¬ 
ment in 1862 to the present. See especially 
the Annual Report of Secretary James Wilson 
printed in the Annual Report of the Depart¬ 
ment of 1912. This report presents a his¬ 
tory of the Department’s service for the 
sixteen years of Mr. Wilson’s incumbency. 

18. Proceedings of the Association of the American 

Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta¬ 
tions. 

19. United States Statutes at Large: Morrill Act of 

1862; Hatch Act of 1887; Second Morrill 
Act of 1890; Adams Act of 1906; Smith-Lever 
Act of 1914; Smith-Hughes Act of 1917. 


108 


Part IV. 

THE REORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN 
AGRICULTURE. 

1914-1923. 


XLI. 

CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. 

1914-1923. 

1. Agelasto, A. M., and others—“The Cotton Situa¬ 

tion/’ Yearbook of the United States Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, 1921, pp. 323-406. The 
accompanying maps and diagrams are essen¬ 
tial. 

2. Baker, O. E.—“A Graphic Summary of Ameri¬ 

can Agriculture,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1921, pp. 
407-506. 

3. Ball, C. R., and others—“Wheat Production and 

Marketing,” Yearbook of the United States 
Department of Agriculture, 1921, pp. 77-16-. 
The accompanying maps and diagrams are 
essential. 

“Oats, Barley, Rye, Rice, Grain Sorghums, Seed 
Flax and Buckwheat,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1922, pp. 
469-568. 

4. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States, 1922, Ch. XXXI. 

5. Garner, W. W., and others—“History and Status 

of Tobacco Culture,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1922, pp. 
395-468. 

6. Hall, A. D.— Agriculture After the War, 1917. 

7. Handschin, W. F.— The Influence of Good Farm 

Organization on Costs of Production, Inter¬ 
national Institute of Agriculture, Bureau of 
Agricultural Intelligence and Plant Diseases, 
March, 1920, Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 379-382. 

109 



8. Hibbard, B. H.— Effects of the Great War Upon 

Agriculture in the United States and Great 
Britain, Preliminary Economic Studies of the 
War, No. 11, Carnegie Endowment for Inter¬ 
national Peace, 1919. 

“Agriculture After the War,” Wallace’s Farmer, 
Des Moines, Iowa, Vol. 43, No. 51, Decem¬ 
ber 20, 1918, pp. 1058, 1059. 

9. Hoover, Herbert—“Some Notes on Agricultural 

Readjustment and the High Cost of Living,” 
The Saturday Evening Post, Vol. 192, No. 
41, April 10, 1920. 

10. Ingalls, W. R.— Wealth and Income of the 

American People, 1922. A survey of the eco¬ 
nomic consequences of the war. 

11. Larson, C. W., and others—“The Dairy Indus¬ 

try,” Yearbook of the United States Depart¬ 
ment of Agriculture, 1922, pp. 281-394. 

12. Leighty, C. E., and others—“The Corn Crop,” 

Yearbook of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, 1921, pp. 227-322. The accom¬ 
panying maps are essential. 

13. Lippincott, Isaac— Economic Development of the 

United States, 1921, Ch. XXVII. 

14. Russell, E. Z., and others—“Hog Production and 

Marketing,” Yearbook of the United States 
Department of Agricidture, 1922, pp. 181- 
280. 

15. Sheets, E. W., and others—“Our Beet Supply,” 

Yearbook of the United States Department 
of Agriculture, 1921, pp. 227-322. The ac¬ 
companying maps are essential. 

1-6. Van Metre, T. W. —Economic History of the 
United States, 1921, Ch. XXVII. 

17. Report of the National Agricultural Conference, 

House Document, No. 195, Sixty-seventh Con¬ 
gress, Second Session, 1922, Washington. 

18. Report of the Joint Commission of Agricultural 

Inquiry, House Report No. 408, House of 
Representatives, Sixty-seventh Congress, First 

110 


Session, Fart I: “The Agricultural Crisis and 
Its Causes.” 

19. Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910, 

Vols. V, VI, VII. 

20. Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920, 

Vol. VI, Parts I, II and III. 

21. Annual Report of the United States Department 

of Agriculture for years 1914 to 1923. 

22. P earhook of the United States Department of 

Agriculture for the years 1914 to 1923. 

23. Annual reports of the Departments of Agricul¬ 

ture for the various states. 

XLII. 

MARKETING AGENCIES AND ORGANIZATIONS. 

1914-1923. 

1. Barnes, J. K.—“An Even Break for the Farmer,” 

The World’s Work, October, 1922. 

2. Bassett, C. E., and Jesness, O. B.—“Co-opera¬ 

tive Marketing—Where? When? How?” 
Yearbook of the United States Department of 
Agriculture, 1917, pp. 385-394. 

3. Boyle, J. E.—“Marketing of Agricultural Prod¬ 

ucts,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 
XI, No. 2, June, 1921, pp. 207-213. 

4. Clark, F. E.— Principles of Marketing. 
“Criteria of Marketing Efficiency,” The Ameri¬ 
can Economic Review, Vol. XI, No. 2, June, 
1921, pp. 214-220. 

5. Frissell, S. D.—“Southern Farmer Tries Co¬ 

operative Marketing,” Review of Reviews, 
January, 1922, Vol. 65, pp. 59-63. 

6. Hibbard, B. H.— Marketing Agricultural Prod¬ 

ucts, 1921. 

7. Hoover, H.— Farmers’ Problems, Report of the 

Kansas State Board of Agriculture, 1920. 

8. Howard, James R., and others—“Problems of 

Marketing—Discussions,” The American Eco¬ 
nomic Review, Vol. XIII, No. 1, pp. 209-222. 

Ill 


9. Jesness, O. B.— Co-operative Marketing, Farm¬ 
er’s Bulletin, No. 1144, United States De¬ 
partment of Agriculture. 

10. Jesness, O. B., and Kerr, W. H. — Co-operative 

Purchasing and Marketing Organizations 
Among Farmers in the United States, Bulletin 
No. 547, United States Department of Agri¬ 
culture, 1917. 

11. Lloyd, J. W.— Co-operative and Other Organized 

Methods of Marketing California Horticul¬ 
tural Products, University of Illinois Studies 
in the Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, No. 1. 

12. Meyer, H. H. B.— List of References on Farm¬ 

ers’ Elevators: Co-operative, etc., Division of 
Bibliography, Library of Congress, Wash¬ 
ington. 

13. Nourse, E. G. — The Chicago Produce Market. 
“The Economic Philosophy of Co-operation,” 

The American Economic Review, Vol. XII, 
1922, pp. 577-597. 

Fifty Years' of Farmers' Elevators in Iowa, 
March, 1923, Bulletin No. 221, Iowa State 
College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. 
“The Proper Sphere of Government Regulation 
in Connection with the Marketing of Farm 
Products,” The American Economic Revieiv, 
Vol. XIII, 1923, pp. 199-218. 

14. Refsell, O. N.—“Farmers’ Elevator Movement,” 

Journal of Political Economy, November, De¬ 
cember, 1914, Vol. 22, pp. 872-895, 969-991. 

15. Weld, L. D. H. — The Marketing of Farm Prod¬ 

ucts, Commercial Research Department, Swift 
& Company, Chicago, 1916. 

16. Weseen, M. II.—“The Co-operative Movement in 

Nebraska,” The Journal of Political Economy, 
Vol. XXVIII, pp. 472-496, 1920. 

17. Withey, C. H.—“Co-operative Livestock Mar¬ 

keting with Discussions,” Proceedings of the 
American National Livestock Association, 
1921, pp. 110-121. 

112 


18. Co-operative Grain Marketing, Farmers’ Bulle¬ 

tin No. 937, United States Department of 
Agriculture, Washington. A comparative 
study of methods in the United States and 
Canada. 

19. Report of the Joint Commission of Agricultural 

Inquiry, House Report No. 408, Sixty-seventh 
Congress, First Session, Washington, 1921, 
Part IV: “Marketing and Distribution.” 

20. Agricultural Periodicals. 

XLIII. 

CHANGES IN THE DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN DEMAND FOR 
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 

1914-1924. 

1. Barnes, J. H.—“The Probable Future Develop¬ 

ment of the Grain Trade in the United 
States,” The Annals of the American Acad¬ 
emy, 1921, Vol. 94, pp. 61-64. 

2. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States, 1922, Ch. XXIX. 

3. Brand, C. J. —“The Vital Concern of Agricul¬ 

ture in Foreign Trade,” The Annals of the 
American Academy of Political and Social 
Science, Vol. 83, 1919, pp. 35-45. 

4. Clemen, R. A.— The American Live Stock and 

Meat Industry, 1923, Parts I and II. 

5. Day, Clive— History of Commerce, Edition of 

1922, Ch. 58. 

6. Duffus, W. M.—“Government Control of the 

Wheat Trade,” The American Economic Re¬ 
view, Vol. VIII, 1918, pp. 62-87. 

7. Eldred, Wilfrid—“Wheat and Flour Trade Un¬ 

der the Food Administration Control, 1917- 
1918,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. 33, pp. 1-70. 

8. Emery, H. C.—“The Tariff and the Ultimate 

Consumer,” The American Economic Review, 
1915, Vol. V, pp. 534-553. 

113 


9. Filsinger, E. B.— Exporting to Latin America, 
1916. 

10. Huebner, G. G.— Agricultural Commerce, 1915. 

Ocean Steamship Traffic Management. 

11. Johnson, E. R., and Huebner, G. G.— Principles 

of Ocean Shipping, 1918. 

12. Litman, Simon—“The Past Decade of the For¬ 

eign Commerce of the United States,” The 
American Economic Review, Vol. X, No. 2, 
June, 1920, pp. 313-331. 

13. MacElwee, R. S.— Port and Terminal Facilities, 

1918. 

14. Martin, C. C.— Export Packing, 1921. 

15. Montgomery, E. G.—“Farmers’ Interests in 

Foreign Markets,” Yearbook of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, 1920, pp. 
127-146. 

16. Notz, W. F., and Harvey, R. S.— American Ex¬ 

port Trade, 1921. 

17. Smith, J. R.— Industrial and Commercial Geog¬ 

raphy, 1921, Part II. 

17a. Snider, G. E.— Selling in Foreign Markets, 1919. 

18. Taussig, F. W.— Tariff History of the United 

States, Edition of 1922. 

19. Thompson, J. G.—“The Nature of Demand for 

Agricultural Products and Some Important 
Consequences,” The Journal of Political 
Economy, Vol. XXIV, No. 2, February, 1916. 
pp. 158-182. 

20. Report of Federal Trade Commission on the 

Grain Trade, 1920. 

21. Report of the Federal Trade Commission on 

the Meat Packing Industry, 1920. 

22. Statistical Abstract of the United States. 

23. Report on Co-operation in American Export 

Trade, United States Federal Trade Commis¬ 
sion, Washington, 1916. 

24. Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance, 

Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, 
Department of Commerce, Washington. 

114 


25. Daily Trade and Considar Reports, Bureau of 

Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department 
of Commerce, Washington. Publication of 
these reports was discontinued in 1921 and 
superseded by 

26. Commerce Reports. A weekly survey of foreign 

trade. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Com¬ 
merce, Department of Commerce, Washington. 

27. Proceedings of the National Foreign Trade Con¬ 

ventions for years 1914 to 1922. 

28. Annual reports of the Chambers of Commerce 

of the leading market centers of the United 
States. 

29. The Readers’ Guide. 

XLIV. 

THE TRANSPORTATION PROBLEM. 

1914-1923. 

1. Alsdorf, W. A.—“The Relation of Highways to 

Freight Transportation,” Scientific American 
Supplement, Vol. 86, July 12, 1918, pp. 18-19. 
A vital problem in this country today. 

2. Anderson, S.—“The Farmer and the Railways,” 

The Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. IV, 
No. 3, 1922, pp. 137-143. 

3. Baker, C. W.— What Is the Future of Inland 

Water Transportation? 1920. Reprinted 

from Engineering News-Record , issues of 
January 1 to January 20, 1920. 

4. Berglund, Abraham—“The War and the World’s 

Mercantile Marine,” The American Economic 
R eview, Vol. X, No. 2, June, 1920, pp. 227- 
258. 

“Water Terminals and Water Competition,” The 
American Economic Review, September, 1915, 
Vol. 5, pp. 657-663. 

6. Bogart, E. L.— Economic History of the United 

States, Revised Edition of 1922, Ch. XXVIII. 

7. Fisher, Walter L.—“Waterways: Their Place in 

Our Transportation System, 1915,” Journal 

115 


of Political Economy, July, 1915, pp. 641- 
662. 

8. Fuller, Hubert Bruce—“American Waterways 

and the ‘Pork Barrel.’ How Politics Has 
Kept Us Behind Other Countries in River 
Transportation,” The Century Magazine, 
January, 1913, Vol. 85, pp. 386-395. Ter¬ 
minal problems a false theory of the relation 
of waterways to railroads, pp. 393-395. 

9. Gephart, W. F.—“The Place of the Canal in a 

National System of Transportation,” Ameri¬ 
can Economic Association Bulletin, Fourth 
Series, No. 2, April, 1911, pp. 188-196. 

10. Hadley, A. T.—“Factors in the Railroad Situa¬ 

tion,” The Yale Review, April, 1923. 

11. Hess, Ralph H.—“The Waterways and Com¬ 

mercial Evolution,” Annals of the American 
Academy of Political and Social Science, May, 
1915, Vol. 59, pp. 259-282. 

12. Hibbard, B. H.—“The Effect of Freight Rates 

on Agricultural Geography,” The Journal of 
Farm Economics, Vol. IV, No. 3, 1922, pp. 
129-136. 

13. Johnson, Emory— Inland Waterways, Their Re¬ 

lation to Transportation, 1893, Philadelphia. 
Supplement to the Annals of the American 
Academy of Political and Social Science, Sep¬ 
tember, 1893. 

14. MacElwee, R. S., and Ritter, A. H.— Economic 

Aspects of the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Ship 
Channel, 1921. 

15. McPherson, Logan Grant—“Waterways and 

Railways,” The Atlantic Monthly, April, 
1910, Vol. 105, pp. 433. 

16. Mahan, F. A.—“Inland Transportation, 1893,” 

Transactions of the American Society of Civil 
Engineers, Vol. 29, July, 1893, pp. 97-127. 

17. Parmalee, J. H.—“Farm Prices and Railway 

Rates,” The Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. 
IV, No. 3, 1922, pp. 137-143. 

116 


18. Quick, Herbert— A meric an Inland Waterways, 

Tlieir Relation to Railway Transportation and 
to the National Welfare; Their Creation, 
Restoration and Maintenance. With 80 illus¬ 
trations and a map, 1909. 

19. Ruggles, C. O.—“Railway Service and Regula¬ 

tion in Port Terminals,” The American Eco¬ 
nomic Review, Yol. XI, No. 3, September, 
1921, pp. 438-446. 

20. Vaile, Roland—“Some Effects on Certain Agri¬ 

cultural Products of Uniform Percentage of 
Increases in Freight Rates,” The Quarterly 
Journal of Economics, August, 1922, pp. 718- 
727. 

21. Wallace, Henry C.—“The Farmer and the Rail- 

roads,” The American Academy of Political 
and Social Science, Proceedings, Vol. X, No. 
1, pp. 63-76, 1922. 

22. White, G. C.—“Improved Transportation Serv¬ 

ice for Perishable Products,” Proceedings of 
the Second Pan-American Scientific Congress , 
1915-16, Vol. Ill, 1917, pp. 400-425. 

23. Report of the Joint Commission of Agricultural 

Inquiry, House Report No. 408, Sixty-seventh 
Congress, First Session, Washington, 1921. 
Part III: “Transportation.” 

24. The St. Lawrence Waterway, Senate Document 

No. 114, Sixty-seventh Congress, Second Ses¬ 
sion, Washington, 1922. Report of the In¬ 
ternational Joint Commission concerning the 
improvement of the St. Lawrence River be¬ 
tween Montreal and Lake Ontario for navi¬ 
gation and power. 

25. “The Co-ordination of Transportation Facilities,” 

The Library Journal, Vol. XLV, 1920, pp. 
737-741. A List of References by the Bu¬ 
reau of Railway Economics Library, Wash¬ 
ington. 

26. The Statistical Abstract of the United States. 

117 


27. The Readers’ Guide. 

28. Reports of the Interstate Commerce Commission. 

XLV. 

MONEY, CREDIT, AND PRICES. 

1914-1923. 

1. Anderson, Sydney—“The Problem of Agricul¬ 

tural Credit,” Proceedings of the Academy 
of Political Science, Vol. X, No. 2, January, 
1923, pp. 96-101. 

2. Rulkley, R. J.—“The Federal Farm Loan Act,” 

Journal of Political Economy , Vol. XXV, 
1917, pp. 129-147. 

3. Bullock, R. J.— Agricultural Credit, 1915. 

4. Dodge, H. J.—“Financing the Farmer as a War 

Measure,” Journal of the American Bankers’ 
Association, Vol. X, 1917, pp. 28, 29. 

5. Friday, DavkI— Profits, Wages and Prices, 1920. 

6. Gage, E. W.—“The Farmer as a Banker,” The 

Forum, Vol. 68, 1922, pp. 801-808. 

7. Gore, T. P.—“Discussion of the Agricultural 

Credit Problem,” Proceedings of the Academy 
of Political and Social Science, Vol. X, No. 2, 
January, 1923, pp. 135-144. 

8. Herrick, M. T.— Rural Credits Movement. 

Rural Credits, Land and Co-operative, 1915. 
“Farmer and Finance,” Atlantic Monthly, Feb¬ 
ruary, 1913, Vol. Ill, pp. 170-178. 

“Federal Farm Loan Act,” Atlantic Monthly , 
February, 1917, 119, pp. 222-32. 

“Some Objections to the Federal Farm Loan 
Act,” North American Review, December, 
1916, 204, 837-49. 

How to Finance the Farmer, Private Enterprise 
—Not State Aid, 1915. 

9. Huebner, G. G.— Agricultural Commerce, 1915, 

pp. 341-367. 

10. Kemmerer, E. W.—“Agricultural Credit in the 
United States,” American Economic Review, 
December, 1912, Vol. 2, pp. 852-87. 

118 


11. Kent, R. D.—“How to Finance Farmers With 

Little or No Credit,” Proceedings of the 
Academy of Political Science, Vol. X, No. 2, 
January, 1923, pp. 145-148. 

12. Knight, F. H.—“Cost of Production and Prices 

Over Long and Short Periods,” The Journal 
of Political Economy, Vol. XXIX, 1921, pp. 
304-335. 

13. Lahmann, M. S.—“Rural Credit,” North Ameri¬ 

can Review, May, 1914, 199:796-800. 

14. Meyer, Eugene, Jr.—“Agricultural and Live¬ 

stock Financing,” the Proceedings of the 
Academy of Political Science, Vol. X, No. 2, 
January, 1923, pp. 82-95. 

15. Moore, H. L.— Economic Cycles: Their Law and 

Course, 1914. The factors influencing prices 
of agricultural products. 

16. Morman, J. B.— The Principles of Rural Credits 

as Applied in Europe and Suggested for 
America, 1915. 

17. My rick, Herbert —The Federal Farm Loan Sys¬ 

tem, 1916. 

18. Nourse, E. G.— Agricultural Economics, 1916. 
“Normal Price as a Market Concept,” The Quar¬ 
terly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXXIII, 
1919, pp. 632-651. 

“Will Agricultural Prices Fall,” The Journal of 
Political Economy, Vol. XXVIII, 1920, pp. 
189-218. 

19. Peck, F. W.—“The Cost of a Bushel of Wheat,” 

Yearbook of the United States Department 
of Agriculture, 1920, pp. 301-308. 

20. Pope, Jesse E.—“Agricultural Credit in the 

United States,” The Quarterly Journal of 
Economics, August, 1914, 28:701-46. 

The Federal Farm Loan Act, 1917. 

21. Price, H. B.—“Effect of Farm Credits on In¬ 

creasing Agricultural Production,” Annals of 
the American Academy, November, 1913, 50: 
183-90. 


119 


“How European Agriculture Is Financed/’ 
Popular Science Monthly, March, 1913, 83: 
252-63. 

22. Putnam, G. E.—“Agricultural Credit Legislation 

and the Tenancy Problem,” The American 
Economic Review, December, 1915, 5:805-15. 
The Land Credit Problem, Bulletin of University 
of Kansas, Vol. XVII, No. 18, 1916. 

23. Roberts, G. E.—“Fall of Agricultural Prices,” 

Proceedings of the Academy of Political Sci¬ 
ence, Vol. X, No. 2, January, 1923, pp. 102- 
117. 

“The Fall of Agricultural Prices: Its Causes and 
Effects,” The Economic World, New Series, 
Vol. XXIV, 1922, No. 23, pp. 796-801. 

24. Seligman, E. R. A.—“Agricultural Credit and 

the Needs of the Farmer,” Proceedings of the 
Academy of Political Science, Vol. X, No. 2, 
January, 1923, pp. 79-81. 

25. Thompson, C. W.—“The Federal Farm Loan 

Act,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 
VII, No. 1, Supplement, March, 1917, pp. 
115-131. See also Discussions, pp. 132-143. 

26. Wallace, H. A.— Agricultural Prices, 1920. 

27. Warren, G. L.— Prices of Farm Products in the 

United States, Bulletin No. 999, United States 
Department of Agriculture, August, 1921. 

28. Whiting, Edward—“International Finance and 

Trade in Their Relation to Prices,” The An¬ 
nals of the American Academy of Political and 
Social Science, Vol. 89, No. 178, Part 6. 

29. Wisprud, A.— The Federal Farm Loan System 

in Operation, 1921. 

30. Wright, I.— Bank Credit and Agriculture Under 

National and Federal Reserve Banking Sys¬ 
tems, 1922. 

31. Zapoleon, L. B.— Geographical Phases of Farm 

Prices: Corn, 1918, Bulletin No. 696, United 
States Department of Agriculture. 

120 


Geographical Phases of Farm Prices: Oats, 1919, 
Bulletin No. 755, United States Department 
of Agriculture. 

Geography of Wheat Prices, 1918, Bulletin No. 
594, United States Department of Agricul¬ 
ture. 

32. Annals of the American Academy of Political 

and Social Science, Vol. 89, No. 178, 1920. 
Part I: “Present Day Prices”; Part II: 
“Price Factors in Typical Commodities”; 
Part III: “Wages, Profits and Excess Profits 
Taxes”; Part IV: “Production”; Part V: 
“Co-operation”; Part VI: “International Fi¬ 
nance and Trade in Their Relation to Prices”; 
Part VII: “Inflation and Prices”; and Part 
VIII: “The World’s Monetary Problems.” 

33. Report of the Joint Commission of Agricultural 

Inquiry, House Report No. 408, Sixty-seventh 
Congress, First Session, Washington, 1921, 
Part II: “Credit.” 

34. United States Federal Farm Loan Board, Annual 

Reports and Special Publications, Wash¬ 
ington. 

35. Agricultural Periodicals. 

36. Public Affairs Information Service, Bulletin of 

the Public Affairs Information Service, Vol. 
I, pp. 13-14; Vol. II, pp. 14-16; Vol. Ill, 
pp. 23-25. 

37. The Readers’ Guide. 

XL VI. 

LAND PROBLEMS. 

1914-1923. 

1. Bizzell, W. B .—Farm Tenancy in the United 

States, Bulletin No. 278, April, 1921, Texas 
Agricultural Experiment Station. 

2. Ely, R. T.—“Landed Property as an Economic 

Concept,” American Economic Review, Vol. 
VII, No. 1, March, 1917. 

121 


Outlines of Land Economics, 1922, Vol. I: Char¬ 
acteristics and Classification of Land, Vol. II: 
Cost and Income in Land Utilization, Vol. Ill: 
Land Policies. 

3. Ely, R. T., and Galpin, C. J.—“Tenancy in an 

Ideal System of Land Ownership,” The 
American Economic Review, Vol. IX, No. 1, 
Supplement, March, 1919, pp. 180-212. 

4. Hibbard, B. H.—“Tenancy in the North Central 

States,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 
Vol. XXV, 1911, pp. 710-729. Reprinted in 
Carver’s Selected Readings in Rural Eco¬ 
nomics, 1916, pp. 508-522. 

“Tenancy in the Western States,” The Quarterly 
Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVI, 1912, pp. 
363-376. Reprinted in Carver’s Selected 
Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 536-546. 
“Tenancy in the Southern States,” The Quar¬ 
terly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVII, 
1913, pp. 482-496. Reprinted in Carver’s 
Selected Readings in Rural Economics, pp. 
523-535. 

“Tenancy in the North Atlantic States,” The 
Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. XXVI, 
pp. 105-117. Reprinted in Carver’s Selected 
Readings in Rural Economics, 1916, pp. 498- 
507. 

“Farm Tenancy in 1920,” Journal of Farm Eco¬ 
nomics, Vol. Ill, No. 4, October, 1921, pp. 
168-175. 

“The Utilization of Land Not in Farms,” The 
American Economic Review, Vol. VIII, No. 
1, Supplement, March, 1918, pp. 55-64. 

5.. Holmes, C. L.— Relation of Types of Tenancy 
to Types of Farming, Bulletin No. 214 of 
the Iowa State Agricultural Experiment Sta¬ 
tion, 1923. 

6. Kent, William—“Land Tenure and Public 
Policy,” The American Economic Review, Vol. 

122 


IX, No. 1, Supplement, March, 1919, pp. 
213-225. Discussion, pp. 226-232. 

7. Price, H. C.—“Farm Tenancy,” The Popular 

Science Monthly, Vol. 72, January, 1908, pp. 
40-45. 

8. Sanders, J. T.— Farm Ownership and Tenancy 

in the Black Prairie of Texas, Bulletin No. 
1068, United States Department of Agricul¬ 
ture. 

9. Wooton, E. O.— The Relation of Land Tenure 

to the Use of Arid Grazing Lands of the 
Southwestern States, Bulletin No. 1001,- 
United States Department of Agriculture. 

10. United States Census, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 

1920. Volumes on agriculture. See Tables 
of contents. 

11. Agricultural Periodicals. 

12. The Readers' Guide. 

XLVII. 

THE FARMERS’ MOVEMENT. 

1914-1923. 

1. Boyle, J. E.—“The Agrarian Movement in the 

Northwest,” The American Economic Review, 
Vol. VIII, No. 3, September, 1918, pp. 505- 
521. 

2. Burrit, M. C.— The County Agent and the Farm 

Bureau, 1922. 

3. Capper, Arthur— The Agricultural Bloc, 1922. 
“The Agricultural Bloc: Its Merits,” The Forum, 

December, 1921, Vol. 66, pp. 461-470. 

4. Gaston, E.— The Non-Partisan League, 1920. 

5. Hobson, Asher—“Farmers’ Co-operative Asso¬ 

ciations,” The American Economic Review, 
Vol. XI, No. 2, June, 1921, pp. 221-226. 

6. Kile, O. M.— The Farm Bureau. 

7. Meredith, E. T.—“Co-operative Relations in 

Agricultural Development,” Yearbook of the 
United States Department of Agriculture, 
1917, pp. 385-394. 

123 


8. Moses, G. H.—“The Agricultural Bloc: Its 

Perils,” The Forum, December, 1921, Vol. 66, 
pp. 471-475. 

9. Nourse, E. G.—“The Economic Philosophy of 

Co-operation,” The American Economic Re¬ 
view, Vol. XII, 1922, pp. 577-597. 

10. Report of the Joint Commission of Agricultural 

Inquiry, House Report No. 408, Sixty-seventh 
Congress, First Session, Washington, 1921, 
Part I: “The Agricultural Crisis and Its 
Causes.” 

11. Agricultural Periodicals. 

12. Readers’ Guide. 


XLVIII. 

AGRICULTURE AND MODERN INDUSTRY. 

1914-1923. 

1. Babbit, S. D., and Umberly, L. C.— Essays on 

Agriculture. 

2. Boyle, J. E.— Agricultural Economics, 1921. 

3. Butterfield, K. L.— The Farmer and the New 

Day, 1919. 

4. Calhoun, A. W.—“Economic Conditions of Farm¬ 

ers in the United States,” American Labor 
Yearbook, 1921-1923, pp. 75-81. 

5. Capper, A.—“The Farmer’s Attitude,” The 

North American Review, August, 1920, Vol. 
212, pp. 156-167. 

“Farmer’s Place in America’s Business,” Print¬ 
er’s Ink, Vol. 110, January 15, 1920, pp. 
57-58. 

6. Clemen, R. A.— The American Livestock and 

Meat Industry, 1923, Part IV: “The Packing 
Industry in Its Public Relations.” 

7. Davenport, E.—“Wanted, A National Policy in 

Agriculture,” Association of American Agri- 
cidtural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 
Proceedings, 1918, Washington, 1919, pp. 
52-68. See also issue for 1919, pp. 176-200. 

124 


8. Duncan, C. S.—“Mercantile and Agricultural 

Economics,” The Journal of Political Econ¬ 
omy, Vol. 26, pp. 769-806, 1918. 

9. Friday, David—“An Agricultural Policy for an 

Industrial State,” The Saturday Evening 
Post, January 27, 1923. 

10. Gabriel, Ralph H.—“The Farmer,” The Com¬ 

monwealth, Vol. 213, pp. 576-586. 

11. Gathany, J. M.—“What’s the Matter with the 

Eastern Farmer?” The Outlook, September 
15, 29, October 13, 1920, Vol. 126, pp. 105- 
109; 196-199; 286-289. 

12. Harger, Charles M.—“Middle West’s Peace 

Problems,” The Atlantic Monthly, April, 
1919, Vol. 123, pp. 555-560. 

13. Henry, C.—“The Outlook for American Agri¬ 

culture,” The Ohio Farmer, August 14, 1920, 
Vol. 146, pp. 162-163. A brief analysis of 
the general situation. 

14. Hill, J. J.— The Nation's Future. Address at 

the Minnesota State Fair, St. Paul, Septem¬ 
ber 3, 1906. 

15. Hinckes, Ralph T.— The Farmer s Outlook, 1880- 

1913, 1913. A review of home and overseas 
agriculture. 

16. Houston, D. F.—“How the Government Works 

with the Farmer,” The American Review of 
Reviews, November, 1919, Vol. 60, pp. 502- 
507. 

17. Ise, J.—“What Is Rural Economics?” The Quar¬ 

terly Journal of Economics, Vol. 34, pp. 300- 
312. 

18. Meyer, H. H. B.— Brief Fist of References on 

the Outlook for the Farmer, Division of Bib¬ 
liography, Library of Congress, Washington. 

19. Nourse, E. G.—“The Place of Agriculture in 

Modern Industrial Society,” The Journal of 
Political Economy, Vol. 27, 1919, pp. 466- 
497; 561-577. 


125 


“Agriculture in the Reconstruction Period,” 
Wallace's Farmer, December 20, 1918, Vol. 
43, 1861. 

20. Plunkett, Sir H. —The Rural Life Problem of 

the United States, 1910. 

21. Poe, C. H.—“Agricultural Revolution: A Neces¬ 

sity,” The Annals of the American Academy 
of Political and Social Science, Vol. 35, pp. 
41-51, 1912. 

22. Taylor, Henry C.— Agricultural Economics, 

* 1919 . 

23. Vrooman, Carl—“The Place of Agriculture in 

Modern Industrial Society,” The Century 
Magazine, Vol. 93, pp. 111-123, 1918. 

24. Wolff, Henry W. —The Future of Our Agricul¬ 

ture, 1918. 

25. Report of the National Agricidtural Conference, 

House Document No. 195, Sixty-seventh Con¬ 
gress, Second Session, Washington, 1922. 

26. The Readers' Guide. 


126 



























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